Deck 3: Constitutions: From States and Nations to Regimes, and Back Again

Question 1

Caudillo can be translated as:

A)military leader
B)political boss
C)slave
D)priest

Answer 1

military leader

Question 2

The caudillos were most likely to emerge from which group?

A)peninsulares
B)mestizos
C)criollos
D)mulattos

Answer 2

mestizos

Question 3

Hacienda owners were most closely associated with which group?

A)peninsulares
B)mestizos
C)criollos
D)mulattos

Answer 3

criollos

Question 4

Which of the following would speed the decline of the caudillos?

A)liberalism
B)mercantilism
C)the export economy
D)slave rebellions

Question 5

Which of the following marks the beginning of U.S. hegemony in the western hemisphere?

A)the Monroe Doctrine (1823)
B)the U.S.-Mexico War (1846-48)
C)the Spanish-American War (1898)
D)the Cold War

Question 6

Which two groups were most advantaged by fueros in Latin America?

A)labor and peasant groups
B)big business and foreign corporations
C)the Church and the military
D)civil servants and small businesses

Question 7

Which of the following undermined caudillo politics?

A)the rise of the export economy
B)import-substitution industrialization
C)the length of the wars of independence
D)the emergence of populist leaders

Question 8

Import-substitution industrialization was associated with which of the following political ideas?

A)conservatism
B)indigenismo
C)populism
D)liberalism

Question 9

Import-substitution industrialization benefited which group?

A)agricultural producers
B)the working class
C)foreign investors
D)indigenous groups

Question 10

What distinguished military rule under bureaucratic authoritarianism from other forms of military rule?

A)an effort to place military officers in government positions
B)a concern with economic growth
C)an alliance with conservative sectors
D)an interest in industrialization

Question 11

Which two countries experienced a more populist form of bureaucratic authoritarianism?

A)Mexico and Chile
B)Argentina and Brazil
C)Guatemala and Bolivia
D)Ecuador and Peru

Question 12

Which of the following contributed to the failure of the FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas)?

A)a rash of military coups
B)a wave of general strikes
C)unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to open its own markets
D) the success of the Washington Consensus as an alternative project

Question 13

Which two groups most influenced the Latin American constitutions drafted after independence?

A)conservatives and radicals
B)populists and radicals
C)conservatives and liberals
D)radicals and liberals

Question 14

Which of the following is most closely associated with "protected democracies"?

A)a state of exception
B)legal positivism
C)import-substitution industrialization
D)constitutional reform

Question 15

Which of the following does NOT distinguish the constitutions of Latin American from the U.S. Constitution?

A)the inclusion of social rights
B)the length of the constitution
C)references to states of exception
D)the effort to diagram the formal distribution of power within the state

Question 16

Indigenous groups and conservative corporatist culture hold what in common?

A)support for the state of exception powers
B)an emphasis on social rights over individual rights
C)suspicion of the armed forces
D)reluctance to engage in political pacts

Question 17

Which two countries relied upon political pacts in their past democratic history?

A)Mexico and Costa Rica
B)Colombia and Costa Rica
C)Mexico and Venezuela
D)Colombia and Venezuela

Question 18

Which best describes the impact of political pacts over time?

A)They provide stability early on, but instability over time.
B)They provide instability early on, but stability over time.
C)They always create instability.
D)They always create stability.

Question 19

In theory, which of the following is best designed to develop national identity?

A)procedural democracy
B)substantive democracy
C)protected democracy
D)direct democracy

Question 20

Which is the only country that involves states in its constitutional reform process?

A)Argentina
B)Brazil
C)Chile
D)Mexico

Question 21

What is the difference between a popular reform and a radical reform?

A)Popular reforms are voted upon by the people, while radical reforms are imposed by government.
B)Popular reforms typically target single issues, while radical reforms are more extensive.
C)Popular reforms involve only congress, while radical reforms involve only the president.
D)Popular reforms are political, while radical reforms are economic.

Question 22

Legal positivism holds that lawmaking should be:

A)ethical
B)democratic
C)practical
D)stable

Question 23

The ___________ branch stands at the center of formal constitutional change, while the _____________ branch stands at the center of informal constitutional change.

A)executive, congressional
B)judicial, executive
C)congressional, executive
D)congressional, judicial

Question 24

The "constitutional rigidity score" measures:

A)the role of legal positivism in the judiciary
B)the number of "states of exception" powers
C)the use of political pacts
D)the size of the congressional vote required for constitutional reform

Question 25

Which institutional characteristics best explain the amount of constitutional reform we see in Latin America?

A)powerful judiciaries and powerful congresses
B)weak judiciaries and powerful presidents
C)weak congresses and weak presidents
D)powerful congresses and powerful presidents

Question 26

Early on after independence, most hacienda owners cared little about politics.

Question 27

Positivism blended liberal ideas with the exclusion of indigenous and impoverished groups.

Question 28

The Monroe Doctrine marked the beginning of U.S. hegemony throughout the entire western hemisphere.

Question 29

Indigenismo emphasizes cultural practices over bloodlines as the basis for racial differences.

Question 30

National Security Doctrine held that Third-World countries represented the front lines in the battle against communism.

Question 31

Latin American countries affected by the pink tide dismantled neoliberalism.

Question 32

In both Colombia and Venezuela, political pacts contributed to the collapse of the party system.

Question 33

One danger of substantive democracy is that it can institutionalize opposition to the regime, rather than just to the government.

Question 34

Constitutional reform is uncommon in Latin America.

Question 35

No country in Latin America uses the referendum as part of its constitutional refor process.

Question 36

A constituent assembly can threaten the ability of congress to influence constitutional change.

Question 37

Under code law, a country is more likely to see formal than informal constitutional change.

Question 38

A substantive democracy is likely to have a longer constitution than a procedural democracy.

Question 39

The case of Nicaragua illustrates the political problems caused by constitutional rigidity.

Question 40

In Nicaragua, El Pacto refers to the negotiated settlement that brought an end to the war between the Sandinistas and the contras.

Question 41

Trace the rise of U.S. influence in Latin America.

Question 42

Discuss how economic changes have interacted with political changes in Latin American history.

Question 43

How can a constitution help build a nation? What are the disadvantages to using a constitution to help build the sense of nation?

Question 44

What are the advantages and disadvantages of political pacts?

Question 45

How have ethnic relations in Latin America differed from ethnic relations in the United States?