Deck 4: How Do Researchers Select the People, Places, and Things to Study Sampling

Question 1

All the cases or people covered by a theory of explanation is known as

A) Concepts
B) Sample
C) Population
D) Elements

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The process that a researcher uses to select a subset of a population is called

A) Population
B) Sampling
C) Conceptualization
D) Selection

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A(n) _______ is a single case in a population.

A) Sample
B) Element
C) Variable
D) Individual

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an element?

A) Nations
B) All of these
C) Individual people
D) Media sources

Question 5

Which of the following would be the best sampling approach if you were surveying your fellow students about how they felt about campus housing for undergraduate students?

A) Send surveys to students in your classes this semester.
B) Choose every 10^th person on a list of all students living in undergraduate campus housing.
C) Give surveys to students as they come out of the cafeteria a lunchtime
D) Send the survey to all students in the student directory

Question 6

_________ is the ability to make inferences about a population using sample data.

A) Generalizability
B) Representativeness
C) Sampling
D) Population

Question 7

If a researcher wants to make generalizations about the larger population from their sample data, their sample must be ___________.

A) Representative
B) Large
C) Systematic
D) Random

Question 8

When researchers attempt to collect data from all members of a population, this is known as a __________.

A) Sample
B) Census
C) Population
D) All of these

Question 9

The U.S. Census began in which year?

A) 1776
B) 1800
C) 1790
D) 1819

Question 10

Which of the following is not a way that Census measures are limited?

A) The Census only collects data every 10 years.
B) LGTBQIA2S+ questions were excluded from the 2020 Census.
C) Racial categories may not accurately reflect how people self-identify.
D) Multiracial people have been about to select more than one racial category only starting in 2000.

Question 11

A ___________ sample is one where each unit in the population has a known and equal probability of being selected.

A) Representative
B) Random
C) Systematic
D) Probability

Question 12

Which of the following is not an example of a sampling frame?

A) Faculty and staff directory listing all employees at a company
B) A list of all schools in a district
C) Yelp reviews of local bars
D) A list of all restaurants in a county

Question 13

Henry wants to do a study the ethnic representation of video game characters on his favorite gaming platform. He makes a list of all of the games that are available for the gaming system. This list of game is the ___________ that he will use to draw his sample.

A) Sampling frame
B) Population
C) Sample
D) Sampling distribution

Question 14

Differences between the characteristics of a random sample and the population from which it is drawn is called ___________.

A) Sampling frame
B) Random sampling
C) Sampling error
D) Representativeness

Question 15

The most basic form of probability sampling is called ____________.`

A) Simple random sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Systematic sampling
D) Census

Question 16

When a sampling method is entirely random, this eliminates the opportunity for ___________.

A) Bias
B) Error
C) Selection
D) Generalization

Question 17

Systematic sampling is a method where________________________.

A) Each unit is selected from the population and has an equal probability of being included.
B) Units are randomly sampling from a population that has been previously divided into subgroups.
C) Units are selected from a sampling frame at fixed intervals.
D) Units are selected because of their available to the researcher.

Question 18

Which of the following is the formula for calculating the probability that an individual unit will be chosen for the sample?

A) Sample size/Population size
B) Population size/Sample size
C) Ratio/Interval
D) N/n

Question 19

Dr. Watkins has a population of 500 and wants to have a sample of 75. She should select every ________ person on the sampling frame.

A) 5^th
B) 8^th
C) 10^th
D) 15^th

Question 20

If a sampling frame has an inherent ordering or pattern, there is an issue of _______.

A) Bias
B) Periodicity
C) Interval
D) Randomness

Question 21

Bedera and Nordmeyer had a sampling frame of 907 college websites and selected every 22^nd school on the list. How big was their final sample?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 40
D) 75

Question 22

Bedera and Nordmeyer found in their content analysis that _________.

A) Most school websites conveyed that it's the women's ultimate responsibility to increase their safety to avoid sexual assault.
B) A majority of the schools had no rape prevention tips or discussion of sexual assault on their websites.
C) Nearly all of the websites had information about consent and sexual assault prevention.
D) Most websites put the onus on men to be responsible in their behavior towards women.

Question 23

A sampling method where units are randomly sampled from a population that has been previously divided into subgroups is called _________.

A) Systematic sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Cluster sampling
D) Stratified random sampling

Question 24

A stratified sample where units are randomly sampled from strata in numbers equal to their representation in the overall population is called

A) Disproportionate stratified random sampling
B) Proportionate stratified random sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) None of these

Question 25

Benz and her team used which type of sampling method in their study examining people's awareness about racialized health disparities.

A) Disproportionate stratified random sampling
B) Proportionate stratified random sampling
C) Systematic stratified random sampling
D) None of these

Question 26

Disproportionate stratified random sampling features ___________.

A) Strata that are proportionate to the representation in the overall population.
B) A random start
C) Units chosen for selection at a fixed interval
D) Strata that have equal numbers of units in each strata

Question 27

Which group did Benz et al. oversample in their research study?

A) African Americans
B) Whites
C) Latinx
D) American/Pacific Islanders

Question 28

In order to use a stratified sampling method, what is required?

A) A sampling frame
B) Relevant criteria about the population must be known in advance
C) Two strata
D) Random selection

Question 29

Which of the following is not an advantage of using a stratified sample?

A) Ensures that the sample is distributed in the same way as the population based on some criteria
B) Can ensure that groups that are a small proportion of the larger population are included in the sample
C) Researchers can determine criteria relevant to their research study.
D) Several criteria for stratifying can be used at the same time

Question 30

____________ refers to a sampling method where the researcher first samples sets of cases and then samples within them.

A) Multi-stage cluster sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Proportionate stratified random sampling
D) None of these

Question 31

Dr. Astley wants to study how wait staff adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic nation wide. There is no sampling frame for all wait staff nationally. What type of sampling should he use?

A) Disproportionate random sampling
B) Multi-stage cluster sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Systematic random sampling

Question 32

How many stages were involved in Cruz, Queirolog, and Boidi's research?

A) Three
B) One
C) Two
D) Four

Question 33

The process of using a non-random, but still systematic, sampling method is called ___________.

A) Non-probability sampling
B) Multi-stage cluster sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Systematic sampling

Question 34

Which of the following is not a reason for choosing non-probability sampling methods?

A) Lack of a sampling frame for the population
B) Desire to exclude extreme cases
C) Random sampling may exclude valuable informants
D) Marginalized populations may be excluded in a random sample

Question 35

Raj selects a sample for his study on campus parking by asking students to participate in his survey as they are coming out of the cafeteria after lunch and dinner. This is an example of what type of sampling?

A) Cluster
B) Quota
C) Convenience
D) Snowball

Question 36

Which of the following is not an advantage of convenience sampling?

A) Elements are readily available.
B) People are willing to participate.
C) Researchers can quickly access people inexpensively.
D) It is possible to generalize findings to the larger population.

Question 37

Francisco-Menchavez used a purposive sample of Filipina migrants for her research because

A) They were a convenient population to access.
B) The women were willing to participate in the study.
C) Kabalikat Domestic Workers Support Network required the migrant women participate.
D) The participants' experiences best fit the focus of the study.

Question 38

Which types of sampling methods did Chodur et al. use for their study of health disparities among American Indians?

A) Convenience and purposive
B) Purposive and quota sampling
C) Purposive and snowball sampling
D) Convenience and Quota

Question 39

A non-probability sampling method where the researchers makes an initial contact with a small group of people connected to the topic and then uses them to establish other contacts is known as _____________.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Quota sampling

Question 40

Which of the following is not a reason that Becker used snowball sampling in his study of marijuana users?

A) Marijuana use was stigmatized at the time of the study.
B) People were more likely to participate it they were referred by people they knew.
C) There was no sampling frame for this population.
D) He was part of the population.

Question 41

Quota sampling is most similar to what other type of sampling method?

A) Cluster sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Purposive sampling

Question 42

Dr. Eller is simultaneously collecting and analyzing data in his study. What type of sampling is he using?

A) Cluster sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Theoretical sampling

Question 43

Which of the following is not true about sampling error?

A) As sampling error increases, conclusions about the population based on the sample will be less accurate.
B) Overrepresentation in a strata results in sampling error.
C) A representative sample has low sampling error.
D) With a well-crafted probability sample, sampling error can be eliminated.

Question 44

Which of the following represents Schieman and Narisada's concern about non-response bias in their study of Canadian workers?

A) People who experienced conflicts between family and work might not be in the workforce.
B) Role conflict is often gendered.
C) They were concerned about periodicity in their sampling frame.
D) None of these

Question 45

When sample participants differ from non-participants in meaningful ways, this can cause ____________.

A) Low response rate
B) Non-response bias
C) Validity
D) Periodicity

Question 46

Which of the following is not a way to reduce response bias?

A) Use random sample selection
B) Increase participation in the study
C) Communicate clearly about the research study
D) Follow-up with potential participants after first contact

Question 47

What decreases when sample size increases?

A) Heterogeneity
B) Bias
C) Sampling interval
D) Sampling error

Question 48

If a population has a great deal of heterogeneity, ____________.

A) There is no impact on sample size.
B) The sample size should be at least 100 units.
C) The larger the sample size should be.
D) There will be a large amount of error.

Question 49

Dr. Kelly selected a representative sample of Black Lives Matter protesters in Minneapolis for his study about racial activism. Can his findings be generalized to other BLM protesters in other cities?

A) Yes, because there is a common mission of the Black Lives Matter movement.
B) Yes, if his sample was selected randomly.
C) Only if his sampling frame lacked periodicity
D) No, even though his sample was representative for Minneapolis, that doesn't mean it can be applied to other contexts.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a factor for researchers to keep in mind when developing a sampling strategy?

A) Ensuring there are no sampling errors
B) Consider the ultimate goals
C) Ensuring the sample represents the population
D) Considering challenges

Question 51

Because researchers can't study all the cases in a sample, they study the cases in a population instead.

Question 52

Sampling impacts all aspects of the research process.

Question 53

Elements could include individuals, nations, cities, media sources, or schools.

Question 54

If you wanted to study a sample of students at your university about their feelings about parking, distributing surveys in your classes would be an effective sampling strategy.

Question 55

Though the U.S. Census is an attempt to collect data from each household, there are issues with how data is collected from some groups.

Question 56

When each unit in the population has a known and equal probability of being selected into a sample, this is called sampling.

Question 57

A sampling frame reduces the likelihood of sampling error.

Question 58

The difference between the characteristics of a random sample and the population it comes from is called sampling error.

Question 59

Choosing who will be in your sample by flipping a coin for each element (head's they are in, tails they aren't) is an example of a simple random sample.

Question 60

When determining the sampling interval in systematic random sample (or the n^th value), researchers divide the population size by the desired sample size.

Question 61

Periodicity is mostly an issue in non-probability sampling

Question 62

Stratified random sampling involves dividing the population by gender and then selecting a random sample in the two stratas.

Question 63

When using stratified random sampling, you should make sure you select the same number of elements from each strata.

Question 64

Benz et al (2011) used a disproportionate stratified random sampling method in their study people's awareness of racialized health disparities to ensure that Asian American/Pacific Islanders were included.

Question 65

In order to use stratified sampling methods, you need to have prior knowledge about the larger population.

Question 66

Cluster sampling is a useful strategy for populations where there is not a sampling frame.

Question 67

Dr. Lee is studying how drug dealers communicate about their product. Cluster sampling is the most effective technique for this research.

Question 68

Non-probability sampling is non-random and non-systematic.

Question 69

Abrams (2010) argues that non-random sampling is well-suited for qualitative research because its focus is often on extreme or unique cases.

Question 70

Asking every third customer in line for ice cream what their favourite ice cream flavour is would be an example of a convenience sample.

Question 71

Francisco-Menchavez (2018) used a convenience sample of Filipina migrants for her study because they were readily available to her.

Question 72

In their mixed method study of food access and health disparities, Chodur et al used a variety of sampling techniques.

Question 73

Snowball sampling is a sampling method where researchers make an initial contact with a small group of people who can connect them to other potential participants.

Question 74

An advantage of snowball sampling is the ability to generalize the results to a larger population.

Question 75

With well crafted planning, it is possible to eliminate sampling error.

Question 76

Explain in your own words the relationship between population, sample, generalizability and sampling error.

Question 77

What are the goals of sampling and why is it important to the research process?

Question 78

Explain the steps involved in determining a sampling plan by working through an example of your own.

Question 79

What is the goal of a census? What are some of the limitations in how the U.S. Census measures the population?

Question 80

What is probability sampling and why would a researcher choose this method?