Deck 10: Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran

Question 1

Which of the following is not true about the Treaty of Sèvres?

A) It permitted the creation of an independent Armenian state
B) It did not restrict the sovereignty of the Ottoman government
C) It was the postwar peace treaty between the Allied powers and the Ottoman Empire
D) It restored the previously abolished Capitulations

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Post-World War I, what did Mustafa Kemal do that would change the region forever?

A) He led the Turkish nationalist movement in the national war of independence
B) He repelled Greek forces and kept them from capturing the former Ottoman capital, Bursa
C) He successfully argued for the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres
D) All of these answers are correct

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Who was the father of modern Turkey?

A) Enver Pasha
B) Sultan Abdul Hamid II
C) Reza Shah
D) Mustafa Kemal

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The last dynasty of Shahs to rule Iran was the ___________.

A) Qajar
B) Afsharid
C) Pahlavi
D) None of these answers is correct

Question 5

In 1923, Turkey was recognized as a(n)___________________.

A) European-controlled mandate
B) independent state
C) Ottoman province
D) occupied territory

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true about Ataturk's Turkey?

A) Islam was a central element in Ataturk's Turkey
B) The president of the republic was chosen by the grand national assembly members
C) A policy of language reform entailed a new phonetic Turkish alphabet using Latin letters rather than Arabic script
D) The country's capital was transferred from Istanbul to Ankara

Question 7

Reza Shah, like Ataturk, was a reformer committed to strengthening his country through ____________________.

A) Westernization
B) centralization
C) secularism
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 8

Reza Shah introduced all of the following legislation regarding woman except ________________.

A) laws against wearing of the veil
B) legislation aimed at ending the segregation of the sexes in public places
C) legislation granting women the right to vote
D) All of these are laws that Reza Shah passed

Question 9

British and Soviet forces occupied which country from 1941-1946?

A) Turkey
B) Iraq
C) Syria
D) Iran

Question 10

Reza Shah's institutionalized authority rested with his control of _____________.

A) the army; Reza Shah catered to the military with high salaries and other favors
B) the state bureaucracy; Reza Shah made civil servants dependent on his continued leadership
C) the use of court patronage; Reza Shah awarded positions of power to those who supported his regime
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 11

Which Turkish politician served as Prime Minister under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk before becoming president after Atatürk's passing?

A) Ismet Inönü
B) Ziya Gökalp
C) Mehmet Vahideddin
D) Enver Pasha

Question 12

Which of the following was a component of Reza Shah's attempts to secularize Iran?

A) The establishment of a hierarchy of state courts
B) The Majlis adopting a new civil code that disregarded the Supplementary Fundamental Laws of 1907
C) Attacking the financial independence of the religious establishment
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 13

Which of the following most accurately describes the Turkish National Pact (1921)

A) It formalized Turkey's claim to all of the former lands of the Ottoman Empire that were stripped as a result of the Treaty of Sèvres
B) It affirmed the right of full Turkish sovereignty over the portions of the Empire inhabited by Turkish majorities
C) It guaranteed the equality of all ethnic groups within Turkey, which together constituted the united Turkish nation
D) It affirmed the principle of secularism in Turkey, officially dividing the ulama from the government

Question 14

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk made it a criminal offense to wear which of the following clothing items?

A) The fedora
B) The fez
C) The veil
D) Sandals

Question 15

Which of the following most accurately describes Reza Shah's agricultural development policies?

A) He focused on empowering Iranian peasants by providing each with a small piece of land
B) By the mid-1930s he had reduced the percentage of the agricultural population that was landless to less than ten percent
C) He neglected agricultural development, focusing instead on urban reforms
D) He strengthened the power that large landholders held over their tenants and further decreased the quality of peasant life

Question 16

Which of the following policies carried out by Reza Shah had a particularly negative impact on the poor?

A) Introducing indirect taxes on consumer products such as tea, sugar, and tobacco
B) Eliminating tariffs on imported goods
C) Allocating state revenue to improve the state's transportation systems
D) Expanding the reach and efficiency of the central government

Question 17

In which ways did religious reforms of Reza Shah differ from Mustafa Kemal?

A) Madrasahs remained intact in Iran, but were abolished in Turkey
B) The veil was outlawed in Turkey, but not in Iran
C) Women were given the right to vote in Iran
D) Ulama were removed from all positions of religious authority in Iran

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true of the "people's houses" established by Ataturk?

A) A combination of adult education centers, sports clubs, and political indoctrination units, the people's houses were the outcome of the government's efforts to take the revolution to the masses
B) They were at the forefront of Ataturk's agendas of nationalism and populism
C) They were used to generate support for the president and his ruling party, the RPP, thus embodying a form of significant state control
D) All of these statements accurately describe the people's houses

Question 19

Which of the following statements on how language policies in Turkey and Iran overlapped at this time is FALSE?

A) Both took measures that emphasized indigenous Turkish and Persian, respectively, over external linguistic influences such as Arabic
B) Both made claims of the historic dominance of their ethno-linguistic cultures, since the time of ancient civilizations
C) Ethno-linguistic minority groups were officially discouraged from professing distinct identities
D) Both outlawed writing in Arabic

Question 20

With which historic leader did Reza Shah share commonalities, as a military leader of modest origins?

A) Muhammad Ali
B) Mustafa Kemal
C) Sayyid Zia
D) Ahmad Shah

Question 21

Reza Shah's land policies had a devastating effect on rural peasants.

Question 22

The National Pact asserted full Turkish sovereignty over the parts of the Ottoman Empire inhabited by a Turkish majority.

Question 23

Mustafa Kemal was successful in passing legislation to abolish the sultanate and turn the caliphate into a religious office with no political authority.

Question 24

Under Reza Shah, the shari'ah and the shari'ah judicial system were completely abolished.

Question 25

Populism was an essential platform in Reza Shah's Iran.

Question 26

In 1921, __________________ assumed full command of the military operations carried out by the local Turkish resistance groups.

Question 27

Like Ataturk in Turkey, Reza Shah emphasized Iran's __________ past.

Question 28

The doctrine known as __________________ was built on the foundation of six principles-reformism, republicanism, secularism, nationalism, populism, and etatism.

Question 29

After the German invasion of the USSR in July of 1941, Iran was invaded in August of that year by the Soviets and the __________________ in an attempt to keep a supply corridor open to the Soviet Union.

Question 30

Reza Shah's program of __________________, like Ataturk's, imposed the outward symbols of Westernization on the population.

Question 31

How did Ataturk and Reza Shah attempt to buttress their secular reforms?

Question 32

How did Mustafa Kemal come to be chosen president of the body of nationalist representatives?

Question 33

How did secularism in Ataturk's Turkey affect official institutions and religious practices alike?

Question 34

What drove the population of Tehran from 196,000 in 1922 to some 700,000 in 1941?

Question 35

How was the 1941-1946 occupation of Iran felt by both the occupiers and the occupied?

Question 36

How did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms affect the status of women in Turkey?

Question 37

Briefly describe the events that led to the creation of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Question 38

How did Reza Shah contend with the religious establishment in Iran during the reform process?

Question 39

Briefly explain Turkey's foreign relations under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Question 40

Identify and briefly describe at least one group that was marginalized by Ataturk's secularist and nationalist policies?

Question 41

Identify and explain the six principles of Kemalism.

Question 42

Compare and contrast the reform efforts of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Reza Shah.