Deck 14: Violence Against Girls and Women

Question 1

In the AAUW survey of middle and senior high school girls, what percentage reported receiving sexual comments or looks?

A) about 10%
B) one-quarter
C) nearly half
D) two-thirds

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Girls who are harassed in school:

A) tend to feel anxious, afraid, and less confident than other girls.
B) are likely to experience considerable teacher support and intervention on their behalf.
C) are likely to have increased academic success.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is/are true of peer sexual harassment in school?

A) Sexual harassment is equally stressful for girls and boys.
B) Sexual harassment does not have damaging effects on those who do not directly experience it.
C) Even when girls and boys perceive that sexual harassment is accepted at school, they feel safe.
D) None of the above answers is true.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Research indicates that there are variations in people's perception of a behavior as sexual harassment. Which of the following correctly reflects findings of this research?

A) When the target of the behavior is a student, people are more likely to perceive the behavior as harassment if the "harasser" is another student than if the harasser is a professor.
B) When the target of the behavior is a student, people are more likely to perceive the behavior as harassment if the "harasser" is a professor than if the harasser is another student.
C) Men are more likely than women to classify behaviors as harassment.
D) Men are harsher in their judgments of the harasser.

Question 5

When college students experience sexual harassment, the most common response is to:

A) file a formal complaint
B) ignore the behavior
C) transfer to another school
D) avoid the harasser

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding the incidence of sexual harassment on campus?

A) Females are more likely to be harassed than males.
B) Females are more likely to experience unwanted sexual advances than more subtle forms of harassment.
C) Students are more likely to experience unwanted sexual behavior by faculty members than by other students.
D) Sexual harassment is equally high for women of all ethnicities.

Question 7

Ashley Johnson's male co-workers frequently tell sexual jokes in her presence, even though she has repeatedly told them it makes her uncomfortable. Additionally, they often make unwelcome comments to her about her body. It appears that Ms. Johnson is experiencing ______ sexual harassment.

A) quid pro quo
B) hostile environment
C) both quid pro quo and hostile environment
D) neither of these

Question 8

According to research on sexual harassment targeted at women in the workplace:

A) sexual remarks and jokes are the least common forms of harassment.
B) sexual coercion is less common than other forms of harassment.
C) only about 10% of female workers experience sexual harassment.
D) all of the above

Question 9

According to research on sexual harassment targeted at women in the workplace:

A) sexual harassment is most common in female-dominated jobs.
B) sexual harassment is most common in male-dominated blue collar jobs.
C) there are no differences among occupations in the incidence of sexual harassment.
D) there is a very low incidence of sexual harassment in the military.

Question 10

In which of these occupations is sexual harassment least likely to occur?

A) construction
B) firefighting
C) the military
D) clerical jobs

Question 11

Research indicates that targets of sexual harassment are more likely to be_____ than_____.

A) White women; women of color
B) younger women; older women
C) heterosexual women; sexual minority women
D) employed in female-dominated occupations; employed in male-dominated occupations.

Question 12

Research indicates that characteristics of harassers does not include which of the following?

A) a positive attitude toward women
B) traditional gender attitudes
C) a perception of sexual relationships as manipulative and exploitative
D) the view that women are not their equals

Question 13

Sex-role spillover theory of sexual harassment contends that:

A) harassment occurs because men respond to female workers as women rather than as workers.
B) women are to blame for their harassment because they are weak and passive.
C) harassment is most likely in occupations with equal numbers of female and male employees because this environment encourages development of romantic relationships which can get out of hand.
D) none of the above

Question 14

According to sex-role spillover theory:

A) sexual harassment is an abuse of power in order to gain sexual favors.
B) as the number of women in a field increases, men begin to leave the field.
C) women and men each tend to congregate in fields where they can use their gender-related traits.
D) in workplaces with few women, men respond to female employees more as women than as workers.

Question 15

According to the power theory of sexual harassment, which of the following is/are not true?

A) Sexual harassment is an abuse of power to gain sexual favors.
B) Men generally have more power in the workplace and some men abuse this power for sexual ends.
C) Harassment occurs because men respond to female employees more as women than as workers.
D) Harassment reinforces men's sense of privilege in the workplace

Question 16

Which of the following is not an externally focused response to sexual harassment?

A) attempting to forget about the event
B) asking the harasser to stop
C) avoiding the harasser
D) informally reporting the harasser to the authorities

Question 17

According to the text, which of the following is likely to be the most common response made by women when they are sexually harassed?

A) filing a formal complaint to the authorities
B) filing a lawsuit
C) avoiding the harasser
D) confronting the harasser

Question 18

Women who have been sexually harassed are most likely to report negative outcomes when they deal with the harassment in the following way:

A) file a formal complaint to the authorities.
B) avoid the harasser.
C) quit their job.
D) ignore the harasser.

Question 19

The consequences for women of reporting sexual harassment include:

A) lower job evaluations.
B) psychological health problems.
C) physical health problems.
D) all of the above

Question 20

Which is true of stalking?

A) It has psychological consequences, but not physical ones.
B) Most stalkers are female.
C) Stalking often is perpetuated by former partners.
D) Currently, about 5% of American women report being stalked.

Question 21

According to U.S. surveys, about ___% of girls and ___% of boys report being sexually abused.

A) 6, 6
B) 6, 14
C) 14, 6
D) 14, 14

Question 22

Most childhood sexual abuse:

A) is committed by a stranger.
B) takes place outside the home.
C) is a one-time occurrence.
D) none of the above

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The most common type of incest probably is between brother and sister.
B) Black and Hispanic American girls are more likely to be sexually abused than white girls.
C) The majority of victims of child sexual abuse are males.
D) Most perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse are females.

Question 24

Which of the following is/are true regarding consequences of childhood sexual abuse?

A) Females are more adversely affected than males.
B) By adulthood, the negative effects have largely disappeared.
C) The effects of abuse are greatest when the abuse consists of a one-time unexpected assault by a stranger.
D) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is true regarding prevention of childhood sexual abuse?

A) Fewer children in the United States have participated in school-based programs in recent years.
B) Children in abuse prevention programs are taught the difference between "good" and "bad" touching.
C) Most states in the U.S. do not have laws informing communities of the presence of known sex offenders.
D) all of the above.

Question 26

Millions of girls and women who should be alive in China and India are "missing". This is largely due to:

A) The higher mortality rate of female infants resulting from genetic mutations.
B) Widespread use of sperm-separation procedures resulting in more male infants through artificial insemination.
C) abortion of female fetuses, and infanticide and neglect of female infants.
D) Normal statistical variation.

Question 27

Which of the following is/are true about human trafficking?

A) Most of the one million women and girls lured away from their homeland annually are forced into prostitution or menial work.
B) The United States is a major importer of sex slaves.
C) Countries that are poor and have a high rate of unemployment show the most human trafficking.
D) all of the above

Question 28

Which is true of female genital mutilation/cutting?

A) It is usually performed by medical personnel under sanitary conditions.
B) It usually causes few, if any, reproductive health problems.
C) It is now outlawed in most African nations.
D) Only a few thousand girls and women per year now undergo this procedure.

Question 29

High school students are more likely to inflict dating violence if they:

A) have themselves been a recipient of dating violence.
B) abuse alcohol or drugs.
C) were abused as children.
D) all of the above

Question 30

Female victims of dating violence are more likely than non-victims to:

A) show risky sexual behavior.
B) have attempted suicide.
C) have disordered eating behaviors.
D) all of the above

Question 31

It is estimated that approximately one out of _____ females in the United States has been a victim of rape or attempted rape.

A) one
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 32

The new (2013) Federal definition of rape, unlike the old one, includes:

A) oral assault
B) anal assault
C) rape of men
D) all of the above

Question 33

The rape rate is especially high among:

A) young women under age 35.
B) Latinas.
C) Asian Americans.
D) all of the above

Question 34

Evidence suggests that the rape rate is higher among:

A) Native Americans than Asian Americans.
B) Latinas/os than Whites.
C) Asian Americans than Blacks.
D) Asian Americans than Native Americans.

Question 35

Studies of rape show that:

A) the majority are perpetrated by acquaintances of the victim.
B) the majority of women who have had experiences consistent with the legal definition of rape label their experience as rape.
C) most rape victims report their assault to the police.
D) marital rape is virtually unknown in the United States.

Question 36

The commonly accepted belief that males initiate and push for sex and that females set the limits is known as:

A) the sexual script.
B) the dating script.
C) sex-role spillover.
D) the rape script.

Question 37

Which of the following is/are true about acquaintance rape?

A) The large majority of women who say "no" really do mean "no".
B) Nine out of ten rape cases are acquaintance rape.
C) Most victims of acquaintance rape do not acknowledge they have been raped.
D) all of the above

Question 38

Why do few victims of acquaintance rape report their assault to the police?

A) They engage in self blame for failing to communicate their intentions more clearly.
B) They might not want to go through an embarrassing police investigation.
C) They are aware of the widespread lack of support for rape victims.
D) all of the above

Question 39

Which of the following is not associated with sexually aggressive men?

A) hostility toward women
B) low acceptance of rape myths
C) history of family violence
D) physical aggressiveness

Question 40

Research on acceptance of rape myths shows that:

A) the increase in rape education has virtually eliminated rape myth acceptance among young adults.
B) women and men are equally likely to endorse rape myths.
C) fraternity men have stronger rape myth acceptance than do non-fraternity men.
D) male college athletes and non-athletes are equally likely to endorse rape myths.

Question 41

Factors associated with a higher risk of rape for female victims include:

A) alcohol consumption
B) being an adolescent or young woman
C) history of childhood or adolescent sexual abuse
D) all of the above

Question 42

Which of the following has not been found in cross-cultural research on attitudes toward rape?

A) There is cross-national variation in attitudes toward rape victims.
B) Attitudes toward rape victims are associated with degree of gender equality.
C) Although some countries have extremely unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims, no countries actually punish women for their victimization.
D) In some countries, women but not men are punished in cases of rape.

Question 43

Alcohol consumption by the perpetrator and the victim increases the risk of rape and attempted rape by:

A) impairing the perpetrator's judgment
B) lowering the victim's resistance
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 44

Studies of the effects of rape provide evidence that:

A) victims of stranger rape experience more severe consequences than do victims of acquaintance rape.
B) feelings of self-blame are stronger among acquaintance than stranger victims.
C) the consequences of rape include psychological problems but no physical symptoms.
D) victims of a single rape have more severe psychological consequences than victims of multiple sexual assaults.

Question 45

Women are most likely to show positive life changes following sexual assault when they:

A) have social support
B) use "approach coping"
C) rely on their religious faith
D) all of the above

Question 46

Which therapy (-ies) show(s) effectiveness in helping women recover from sexual
Violence?

A) psychoanalytic therapy
B) cognitive processing therapy
C) prolonged exposure therapy
D) b and c

Question 47

According to the text, rape education programs should:

A) not begin until college so that students are in a better position to be able to understand the issue.
B) be targeted primarily at females because they must take responsibility for avoiding situations where rape might occur.
C) focus on changing men's behaviors.
D) all of the above

Question 48

The evolutionary perspective claims that rape has evolved because

A) it is a way to achieve sexual gratification while avoiding emotional intimacy.
B) it is a strategy for achieving reproductive success.
C) it is a strategy for venting aggression without risk of being hurt in return.
D) none of the above

Question 49

Observation of forced sex in nonhuman species has been used as support for the _______ theory of rape.

A) social learning
B) psychoanalytic
C) gender schema
D) evolutionary

Question 50

According to ______ theory, rape is rooted in the power imbalance between women and men.

A) social learning
B) evolutionary
C) feminist
D) gender schema

Question 51

Evidence that cultures with greater gender inequality have higher rape rates than cultures with greater equality is most supportive of ______ theory.

A) social learning
B) feminist
C) gender schema
D) psychoanalytic

Question 52

According to ______ theory, observation and reinforcement are important influences on rape.

A) social learning
B) feminist
C) gender schema
D) evolutionary

Question 53

Evidence that exposure to violent pornography is related to greater sexual aggressiveness best supports the ______ theory of rape.

A) social learning
B) evolutionary
C) gender schema
D) feminist

Question 54

Which of the following is true?

A) Women are as likely as men to engage in intimate terrorism.
B) Women are somewhat more likely than men to engage in common couple violence.
C) Common couple violence includes systematic use of violence and threats to control a partner.
D) all of the above

Question 55

Nearly _____ percent of all murders of women around the world are committed by intimate partners.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60

Question 56

There is evidence that intimate partner violence:

A) occurs much less often in lesbian relationships than in heterosexual relationships.
B) is directed less at women with disabilities than able-bodied women.
C) occurs more often against low-income women than middle-income women.
D) occurs more often among Asian American women than other ethnic groups of women.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about ethnic differences in response to intimate partner violence is/are correct?

A) Asian American victims are more likely than others to seek assistance.
B) Black women are more likely than White women to seek help from informal sources.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b

Question 58

Men who are most likely to abuse their intimate partners tend to:

A) be less educated.
B) be poor.
C) have witnessed or experienced family violence as a child.
D) all of the above

Question 59

Many women each year are victims of dowry-related killings or are disfigured by acid thrown by rejected suitors in:

A) Australia, Canada, and Israel
B) India, Pakistan, and Colombia
C) sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East
D) the Czech Republic and Croatia

Question 60

Which of the following is not a major reason why women remain in abusive relationships?

A) lack of financial resources
B) fear of retaliation
C) an unconscious wish to be hurt
D) cultural or religious beliefs forbidding divorce

Question 61

Immigrant and ethnic minority women are less likely than other women to seek help for intimate partner violence because of:

A) institutional discrimination
B) Lack of knowledge of services
C) Cultural differences in attitudes toward intimate partner violence
D) All of the above

Question 62

The most commonly reported type(s) of elder abuse is/are:

A) Physical abuse.
B) Neglect, psychological abuse, and financial exploitation.
C) Sexual abuse.
D) a and c

Question 63

Neglect and abuse of older women by their daughters-in-law has been reported to be a common form of abuse in:

A) Japan and Korea
B) Kenya and Brazil
C) Germany and Italy
D) Argentina and Sweden

Question 64

The typical victim of elder abuse is a woman who:

A) is over age 75.
B) lives at home with an adult caregiver(s).
C) is physically and/or mentally frail.
D) all of the above

Question 65

The typical abuser of the elderly is:

A) a hired home-health care provider.
B) an adult grandchild.
C) an adult son who is financially dependent on the victim.
D) an adult daughter who is employed full-time.

Question 66

Describe the types of sexual harassment reported by middle school and high school students. What are effects of these experiences on students?
Describe the types of sexual harassment most commonly experienced by college women. Also, indicate the most common responses of college students, faculty, and staff to sexual harassment.

Question 67

Define sexual harassment. Occupations differ in the incidence of sexual harassment of women by men. Discuss occupational characteristics associated with a higher likelihood of harassment. Then give two common characteristics of male offenders.

Question 68

Discuss the sex-role spillover and power theories of sexual harassment.

Question 69

Describe common and more atypical responses of women when they have been sexually harassed.

Question 70

Discuss the short-term and long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse.

Question 71

Discuss the consequences of having a society in which there are many more young adult men than young adult women.

Question 72

In adolescence, males are more likely than females to report being victims of dating violence. What are the reasons for this?

Question 73

Indicate factors that increase the likelihood that teens will inflict dating violence.

Question 74

Discuss reasons why the sexual script can lead to acquaintance rape. Also, discuss characteristics of sexually aggressive men.

Question 75

Discuss reasons why women are not likely to label their experiences with forced sex as rape.

Question 76

Discuss cross-cultural variations in attitudes toward rape victims.

Question 77

Describe the major assumptions of the evolutionary, feminist, and social learning theories of rape. Also, provide research evidence relevant to each theory.

Question 78

Discuss risk factors related to intimate partner violence. Also, indicate common effects of this form of abuse.

Question 79

Distinguish between common couple violence and intimate terrorism.

Question 80

Describe two theories of intimate partner violence.