Deck 4: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

Children begin to accurately label pictures of girls and boys between the ages of ___________ years.

A) 1 to 1 ½
B) 2 to 2 ½
C) 3 to 3 ½
D) 4 to 4 ½

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Among elementary and high school students, both girls and boys

A) view boys more favorably than they view girls.
B) view girls more favorably than they view boys.
C) view their own gender more favorably than the other gender.
D) view their own gender less favorably than they view the other gender.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Children who learn to identify females and males early show ________ gender-typical preferences for toys and peers compared to children of the same age who do not yet make the distinction.

A) more
B) fewer
C) equal
D) there is no relationship between these two variables

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which is not true of gender stereotyping and gender-role adoption of children between the ages of 1 and 5 years?

A) "Gender-appropriate" toy preferences emerge
B) Gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors appears
C) Gender stereotyping of personality traits expands rapidly
D) Gender segregation appears

Question 5

Which of the following statements about gender stereotypes is/are true?

A) Knowledge of gender-typed personality traits emerges earlier than other stereotype information.
B) By age 3, children have gender stereotypes for toys, clothing and work.
C) Stereotypes are held quite rigidly until adolescence.
D) all of the above

Question 6

Which type of gender-stereotype knowledge emerges last?

A) clothing
B) activities
C) occupations
D) personality traits

Question 7

Which statement best describes developmental changes in rigidity/flexibility of gender stereotypes?

A) quite rigid until adolescence; then more flexible
B) quite flexible until adolescence; then very rigid
C) quite flexible until age 7 or 8; then more rigid until adolescence
D) quite rigid until age 7 or 8; then more flexible until adolescence

Question 8

Preschoolers are more likely to label an ambiguous emotional display as _________ when shown by ________.

A) anger; boys
B) sadness; girls
C) happiness; girls
D) both a and b

Question 9

During the elementary school years, children

A) view stereotypical feminine occupations less favorably than stereotypical masculine occupations.
B) Girls aspire to typically masculine jobs more than boys aspire to typically feminine jobs.
C) Children are more likely to have nontraditional occupational aspirations when their mothers had nontraditional gender attitudes.
D) all of the above

Question 10

Studies by Elaine Blakemore and by Lisa Serbin and her colleagues found that 11 year olds knew _______ about stereotypes than 5 year olds, and were ________ aware of gender-role exceptions.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 11

Cross-cultural research into the development of gender stereotypes has shown that

A) in the countries studied, children began to develop stereotypes in early adolescence.
B) in the countries studied, girls tended to acquire stereotypes earlier than boys did.
C) children in predominantly Muslim nations learned stereotypes later than children in non-Muslim countries.
D) none of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is true?

A) Boys are better than girls at tasks requiring flexibility, precise movement and arm-leg coordination.
B) Gender differences in motor skills are large in early childhood and become smaller in adolescence.
C) Around puberty, hormonal changes increase fat in girls and muscle mass in boys.
D) In grade school and high school, girls are just as involved in athletic activities as boys are.

Question 13

In the preschool and elementary school years, girls are better than boys at

A) balancing on one foot.
B) jumping higher.
C) gymnastics.
D) a and c

Question 14

According to the text, adolescent girls' declining interest and participation in athletic activities may be due to

A) boys' advantage in strength, size and power.
B) social pressures in girls to act more feminine.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 15

Girls' and women's participation in sports tends to be associated with

A) higher self-esteem
B) earlier sexual activity
C) reduced academic performance
D) a and b

Question 16

Girls who participate in sports are more likely, when adults, to:

A) be employed.
B) have healthier activity levels.
C) have healthier weight levels
D) all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following statements about girls and women in athletics is/are correct?

A) The passage of Title IX was followed by a significant increase in girls' and women's participation in sports.
B) There has been a greater increase in the participation of Black women than of White women as both players and coaches.
C) Schools now spend equivalent amounts in scholarships and other expenses for women's and men's sports.
D) Only 25% of college athletes are women.

Question 18

Gender differences in children's _______ are more evident than they are in other areas.

A) personality qualities
B) attitudes
C) play activities
D) none of the above

Question 19

Girls are more likely than boys

A) to play in large groups.
B) to show more socially competent play.
C) to engage in symbolic or "pretend" play.
D) b and c

Question 20

Which of the following regarding gender segregation is/are true?

A) Girls show it at a later age than boys.
B) It first appears between the ages of 2 and 3.
C) It is greatest during the preschool years and decreases during the elementary school years.
D) a and b

Question 21

Which of the following reasons has been proposed to explain why children play primarily with children of their own gender?

A) Boys have a rough, aggressive dominant play style.
B) Boys are unresponsive to girls' polite suggestions.
C) Children of the same gender share a preference for gender-typed toys.
D) all of the above

Question 22

Telling a non-gender-conforming boy "A pink shirt is okay, but not a dress" is an example of:

A) gender hedging
B) gender literacy
C) playing along
D) all of the above

Question 23

Which child is least likely to receive the requested toy?

A) Andrea asks for a football.
B) Anthony asks for a doll.
C) Isabel asks for a chemistry set.
D) Jeff asks for a video game.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about parental influence on gender development is not true?

A) Parents tend to act more warmly toward their daughters than their sons.
B) Mothers are more likely to try to stop risk-taking behavior of their daughters than their sons.
C) Parents are less likely to make decisions for their daughters than their sons.
D) Mothers use more supportive speech with their daughters than their sons.

Question 25

Parents are more likely to do which of the following with their daughters than with their sons?

A) talk about emotions
B) emphasize prosocial behaviors and politeness
C) make decisions for them
D) all of the above

Question 26

Children show less stereotyped gender concepts if

A) their mothers are employed.
B) their fathers are highly involved in sharing housework.
C) their mothers engage in tasks such as doing yard work and washing the car.
D) all of the above

Question 27

Children growing up in single-parent homes

A) tend to be less traditional in their gender stereotypes and activities than those from two-parent homes.
B) tend to be more traditional in their gender stereotypes and activities than those from two-parent homes.
C) tend to have about the same gender stereotypes and activities as children growing up in two-parent homes.
D) none of the above

Question 28

Classroom teachers

A) correct and constructively criticize girls more than boys.
B) give boys more time to answer questions.
C) are more likely to accept calling out from girls than boys.
D) praise girls more than boys.

Question 29

Which of the following is/are true?

A) Children who are heavy TV viewers have greater knowledge of gender stereotypes.
B) Exposure to TV characters who show nontraditional behaviors increases children's gender stereotypes.
C) The terms "tomboy" and "sissy" have equally negative overtones.
D) all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is not one of the primary sex characteristics?

A) ovaries
B) vagina
C) breasts
D) fallopian tubes

Question 31

Menarche refers to

A) menstrual pain.
B) the time in the menstrual cycle when the egg is released.
C) the first menstrual period.
D) early onset of puberty.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about puberty is/are true?

A) In the U.S. the average age of menarche for White girls is 12.8.
B) The average age for the onset of puberty in the U.S. has progressively increased over time.
C) Stress may trigger an earlier onset of puberty.
D) a and c

Question 33

Which of the following probably contribute(s) to an earlier onset of puberty?

A) better nutrition
B) improved medical care
C) environmental stress
D) all of the above

Question 34

Which of the following statements about reactions to menarche is/are true?

A) Black and Latina girls have more positive attitudes than do White girls.
B) Many women have vivid memories of their first period.
C) Girls who have more negative attitudes tend to experience greater discomfort.
D) b and c

Question 35

The adolescent growth spurt begins at about age _____ years in girls and at about age _____ years in boys.

A) 8, 9
B) 9, 11
C) 10, 12
D) 11, 14

Question 36

One of the reasons girls become more "womanly" in appearance during puberty and boys become more "manly" is that girls develop twice as much __________ as boys, while boys develop twice as much __________ as girls.

A) fatty tissue, muscle tissue
B) head hair, body hair
C) muscle tissue, fatty tissue
D) muscle tissue, bone tissue

Question 37

Which of the following is/are true of puberty?

A) Boys start their growth spurt about age 9, while girls start their spurt about age 11.
B) Girls gain more height and weight during their growth spurt than boys do.
C) Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem and poorer body image than later-maturing girls.
D) all of the above.

Question 38

Compared to late-maturing girls, which of the following is not true of early-maturing girls?

A) They have a poorer body image.
B) As adults, they appear to be as well adjusted as other women.
C) They are more likely to violate social norms.
D) They associate with younger peers.

Question 39

Compared to late-maturing girls, which of the following is/are true of early-maturing girls?

A) They have higher self-esteem.
B) They are less depressed.
C) They are less likely to smoke or drink.
D) none of the above

Question 40

Which of the following statements about early-maturing girls is/are true?

A) Others may place unrealistic expectations on them.
B) They may be teased by boys.
C) Those who experienced adjustment difficulties earlier actually adapt more easily to their early maturation.
D) a and b

Question 41

Which of the following statements about identity is/are true?

A) Career choice and interpersonal relationships are central to the identity of both genders.
B) Most adolescent girls perceive interconnections between their career goals and family goals.
C) Most adolescent boys perceive interconnections between their career goals and family goals.
D) a and b

Question 42

Beginning in early adolescence, self-esteem

A) decreases for girls, but increases for boys.
B) decreases for boys, but increases for girls.
C) decreases for both genders.
D) increases for both genders.

Question 43

Which group of adolescent girls has the highest self-esteem in late adolescence?

A) Asian Americans
B) Blacks
C) Latinas
D) Whites

Question 44

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is/are true?

A) Starting in early adolescence, girls' self-esteem decreases and becomes lower than boys' self esteem.
B) Self-esteem is higher among white female adolescents than among female adolescents of color.
C) Feminine girls have greater self-esteem than androgynous girls.
D) all of the above

Question 45

According to your text, which of the following is/are true?

A) Most adolescent girls and boys do not disguise their feelings and thoughts in dealing with certain people.
B) According to Carol Gilligan, when girls make the transition to adolescence, they experience conflicts brought about by views of the patriarchal society, causing "loss of voice".
C) Gender role identity, not gender itself, predicts the level of voice.
D) all of the above

Question 46

Which describes the developmental changes in gender intensification?

A) It is strong in early adolescence and starts to decline by middle to late adolescence.
B) It increases in strength from early to late adolescence.
C) It is strong in preadolescent years, becoming weaker in early adolescence.
D) It is equally strong throughout adolescence.

Question 47

Which factor(s) contribute(s) to the development of gender intensification?

A) physical changes of puberty
B) the increasing pressure on girls by peers and parents to display feminine behavior
C) cognitive changes that make adolescents more aware of what others think of them
D) all of the above

Question 48

Which of the following statements about gender and body image is not true?

A) Adolescent girls are more dissatisfied with their body image than adolescent boys are.
B) Gender differences in body image have increased over the past 50 years.
C) Lesbians are more concerned with weight and dieting than heterosexual women are.
D) In contrast to boys, a girl's self-esteem is more closely tied to her physical appearance.

Question 49

Which of the following is true?

A) Gender differences in body image have decreased over the past 50 years.
B) The more ethnic minority women have adapted the values of mainstream U.S. culture, the more satisfied they are with their bodies.
C) Lesbians are less concerned about weight loss and dieting than heterosexual men are.
D) More teenage girls are choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery than in past years.

Question 50

Ethnic minority girls and women

A) have no concerns about their weight.
B) are less satisfied with their bodies than White females.
C) are more apt to diet than White females.
D) are more apt to diet than males of color.

Question 51

Discuss the developmental changes that occur in the formation of gender stereotypes during the childhood years.

Question 52

Describe gender similarities and differences in physical performance and sports activities and the developmental changes that occur in these areas during childhood and adolescence.

Question 53

Discuss the development of gender segregation during childhood. Give three explanations of why children play primarily with children of their own gender.

Question 54

What are some of the ways in which parents influence gender development in their children?

Question 55

In what ways do schools and teachers send messages to children about gender typing?

Question 56

Describe both positive and negative consequences of early maturation and late maturation in girls.

Question 57

Discuss two factors that are related to earlier onset of puberty in girls.

Question 58

Discuss some of the common reactions girls have toward menstruation.

Question 59

Describe some of the societal and familial factors that contribute to a negative reaction to menstruation.

Question 60

Compare adolescent identity formation in females and males.

Question 61

What causes girls' self-esteem to drop in adolescence? Why do Black girls remain more self-confident than White girls?

Question 62

Define gender intensification and discuss some of the factors that contribute to its development in early adolescence.

Question 63

Discuss factors contributing to the increase in poor body image among teenage girls in recent years.