Deck 8: Emotions and Social Life

Question 1

Which theory of emotion has been used to explain American's anger in response to 9/11?

A)affect control theory
B)Collins's ritual interaction theory
C)identity theory
D)Kemper's power and status theory
E)Shotts's symbolic ineractionist theory of emotion and self-regulation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In affect control theory, transient impressions are:

A)affective meanings about identities and behavior that vary across societies
B)affective meanings tied to particular events or situations
C)emotions and perceptions that serve as the basis for situational definitions
D)perceptions of others based on prior experience
E)perceptions of others based on cultural norms

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In affect control theory, fundamental sentiments are:

A)affective meanings about identities and behavior that are shared by societal members
B)affective meanings tied to particular events or situations
C)emotions and perceptions that serve as the basis for situational definitions
D)perceptions of others based on prior experience
E)perceptions of others based on cultural norms

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Identity control theorists argue that people experience negative feelings when an identity isn't verified. They will typically respond to this situation by changing their behavior or by:

A)changing their identity standard
B)creating new situational meanings
C)directing their attention to other identities
D)dropping the unverified identity
E)taking on new roles that are unrelated to the unverified identity

Question 5

Identity control theory is within ______________________________.

A)psychological social psychology
B)social structure and personality
C)the group processes and structures face of sociological social psychology
D)the Iowa/Indiana school of symbolic interactionism
E)the social exchange tradition

Question 6

The identity control system is conceptualized as a ____________________, in which outputs are used as benchmarks for the control of inputs.

A)cognitive structure
B)cybernetic model
C)hierarchical model
D)reciprocal process
E)self-perpetuating structure

Question 7

In a cybernetic model:

A)a single engine drives a complex machine
B)errors in information processes accrue until they reach a peak level and the system shuts down
C)"good" and "bad" actions are weighted equally
D)outputs are used as benchmarks for the control of inputs
E)waste is recycled and fed back into the system

Question 8

A sympathy margin is:

A)the amount of time people are given to respond before being considered negligent when a family member or friend is in crisis
B)the cost-benefit ratio associated with giving sympathy to a particular individual
C)the gap in normative constraint that applies to individuals who are between roles
D)the latitude people are given in relationships to be nonsupportive some of the time
E)the symbolic account that accrues credits and debits as a function of the merit of one's claims to sympathy

Question 9

Which of the following processes is highly regulated in this culture?

A)interactive embarrassment
B)relationship dissolution
C)shamefulness
D)sympathizing
E)the experience of guilt

Question 10

What is a likely explanation for women's high levels of embarrassability relative to men?

A)Women are less socially competent than men.
B)Women are more accurate role takers than men.
C)Women exhibit a greater propensity for role taking then men.
D)Women have higher levels of public self-consciousness than men.
E)Women have lower self-esteem than men.

Question 11

Embarrassability:

A)is a characteristic that varies in salience across social settings
B)is a cognitive construct that has no effect on behavior
C)is a dispositional characteristic
D)is higher among men than among women
E)is virtually impossible to measure

Question 12

Researchers interested in embarrassment and shame, including sociological social psychologist Thomas Scheff, have studied:

A)Howard Stern's radio show
B)prison documentaries, including Lockup Raw
C)talk shows, including The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Jerry Springer Show
D)the television program Candid Camera
E)the television show Desperate Housewives

Question 13

When do people engage in hiding behaviors?

A)when they are asked to talk about something they have done that is considered reprehensible
B)when they are burned out and can no longer control their emotions
C)when they are feeling down
D)when they are too shy to tell someone directly that they no longer want to see him or her
E)when they need time to plan a response to the stress caused by an unpleasant situation or event

Question 14

Which emotion arises when people take the role of the generalized other, evaluate themselves within the context of societal standards, and realize that have acted immorally?

A)embarrassment
B)disgust
C)fear
D)guilt
E)shame

Question 15

Guilt occurs in response to:

A)interactional failures
B)moral transgressions
C)public failures
D)self-deficiencies
E)social slights

Question 16

Shame arises as the result of a perceived:

A)interactional failure
B)moral transgression
C)public failure
D)self-deficiency
E)social slight

Question 17

According to affect control theory, deflections occur when:

A)an identity is not verified
B)embarrassment, guilt, or shame prevents people from behaving authentically
C)individuals receive negative feedback from others pertaining to their behavior or their character
D)people experience role conflict
E)there is a discrepancy between the fundamental impressions and transient sentiments tied to a particular situation

Question 18

Given common affective meanings within this culture, an employee correcting a boss generates a deflection, which can be repaired if the employee engages in a behavior that indicates admiration for the boss or the boss instructs or counsels the employee. If you were analyzing this latter scenario using affect control theory, the common cultural meanings pertaining to employees and bosses would be considered:

A)cognitive schemata
B)fundamental sentiments
C)situational definitions
D)scripts
E)transient impressions

Question 19

In Kemper's power and status model of emotion, satisfaction and happiness are associated with:

A)egalitarian social relations
B)increases in power
C)increases in status
D)interaction among individuals with similar characteristics
E)underbenefitting inequity

Question 20

Kemper's power and status model of emotions predicts that people will experience guilt when:

A)they abuse their power over someone
B)they are responsible for a loss in status
C)they end a long-term relationship
D)they fail to protect someone from harm
E)they harm someone they care about

Question 21

According to Kemper's power and status model of emotion, when people feel responsible for a loss in status, they experience:

A)anger
B)fear
C)guilt
D)despair
E)shame

Question 22

In Collins's ritual interaction model, emotional energy refers to:

A)an individual's inner strength
B)the ability to effectively handle adversity
C)the sense of well-being that emerges when people with similar attitudes and values get together
D)the positive feelings and group solidarity that emerge in group interactions
E)both a and b

Question 23

In ritual interaction theories, emotions are:

A)cognitive
B)contagious
C)individual
D)manageable
E)structural

Question 24

Theories that focus on the positive and negative energy that emerges in interaction are referred to as:

A)collective theories
B)constructionist theories
C)dramaturgical theories
D)interaction ritual theories
E)physiological theories

Question 25

Experimental research guided by status characteristics theory suggests that:

A)emotions are unrelated to susceptibility to social influence
B)people are easier to influence when they are experiencing negative emotions
C)people are easier to influence when they are experiencing positive emotions
D)negative emotions have a negative effect on susceptibility to influence mainly among low-status group members
E)positive emotions have a positive effect on susceptibility to influence mainly among low-status group members

Question 26

Status characteristics theorists argue that people rarely exhibit negative socioemotive behaviors in task groups. This:

A)gives women and racial/ethnic minorities a chance to be heard
B)helps to reproduce the status structures of these groups
C)makes interaction in these settings relatively pleasant
D)means that liking and trust among group members is likely to be high
E)tends to create efficient groups

Question 27

Positive socioemotive behaviors are more common than negative socioemotive behaviors in task groups because:

A)individuals are able to avoid drawing attention to themselves in group settings by being accommodating
B)most group members come from similar backgrounds and have similar characteristics, which makes it likely that they will get along
C)most people seek to avoid confrontation
D)the status structure of the group limits the expression of negative socioemotive behaviors
E)both a and b

Question 28

The negative socioeomotive behaviors studied by status characteristics theorists include:

A)catastrophizing and hiding
B)class-based snobbery and racism
C)disagreeing with someone and showing tension
D)procrastinating and social loafing
E)withdrawal and avoidance

Question 29

When don't people who are overbenefitting in an exchange relationship experience guilt?

A)when they have high self-esteem and believe that they have more to offer than their partners
B)when they perceive the exchange to be fair
C)when they don't really value the resource they're giving
D)when they have other exchange alternatives and feel like they're doing their partner a favor by staying in the relationship
E)both a and d

Question 30

Which type of social exchange is the most likely to generate emotions directed toward others (e.g., liking and trust)?

A)generalized exchange
B)indirect exchange
C)negotiated exchange
D)reciprocal exchange
E)specific exchange

Question 31

When are people likely to experience shame in a negotiated exchange?

A)when the exchange is a group event and they're the last person chosen to participate
B)when the rewards received exceed the costs of the exchange
C)when they feel rejected because the lag between exchanges exceeds the normative time period
D)when their romantic advances aren't reciprocated
E)when they feel like they've been ripped off

Question 32

According to the reconstruction principle (affect control theory), when a deflection resulting from a discrepancy between fundamental sentiments and a transient impression is too great to repair behaviorally, people will:

A)alter the characteristics of the actors in a situation
B)direct their attention toward away from others' behaviors
C)exit the social network
D)express anger or defeat
E)withdraw from the situation

Question 33

Given common affective meanings within this culture, an employee correcting a boss generates a deflection, which can be repaired if the employee engages in a behavior that indicates admiration for the boss or the boss instructs or counsels the employee. If you were analyzing this latter scenario using affect control theory, the employee correcting the boss would be considered a:

A)behavioral script
B)cognitive schemata
C)fundamental sentiment
D)situational norm
E)transient impression

Question 34

Which role-taking emotion applies mainly to public settings?

A)embarrassment
B)envy
C)guilt
D)pride
E)shame

Question 35

Who focuses on reflexive role taking and the effects of emotions on behavioral self-regulation?

A)psychological social psychologists
B)social structure and personality researchers
C)sociologists working within the group processes and structures face of sociological social psychology
D)status characteristics theorists
E)symbolic interactionists

Question 36

Primary emotions are:

A)shaped be situational and cultural factors
B)similar across cultures
C)the root of more complex secondary emotions
D)socially constructed
E)those emotions that serve the most important social functions

Question 37

The two general categories of emotions are:

A)cognitive and physiological
B)positive and negative
C)primary and secondary
D)proximal and distal
E)temporary and chronic

Question 38

Sociological social psychologists typically study:

A)affect
B)emotions
C)feelings
D)moods
E)both c and d

Question 39

Socially constructed patterns of sensations, cultural meanings, and expressive gestures that pertain to a social object, most often another individual (e.g., love, friendship, and loyalty) are called:

A)affective clusters
B)feelings
C)primary emotions
D)sensations
E)sentiments

Question 40

Moods are:

A)chronic affective states
B)less intense than emotions
C)of little interest to sociological social psychologists
D)unrelated to situations and events
E)all of the above

Question 41

What concept have social psychologists used to explain the negative relationship between time spent on Facebook and happiness?

A)interpretive reproduction
B)reference group
C)role strain
D)secondary socialization
E)status belief

Question 42

ocially constructed patterns of sensations, cultural meanings, and expressive gestures that pertain to a social object, most often another individual (e.g., love, friendship, and loyalty) are called affective clusters.

Question 43

Primary emotions are shaped by situational and cultural factors and are different across cultures

Question 44

In ritual interaction theories, emotions are structural.

Question 45

In a cybernetic model a single engine drives a complex machine.

Question 46

Identity control theorists argue that people experience negative feelings when an identity isn't verified. They will typically respond to this situation by changing their behavior or by changing their identity standard.

Question 47

Experimental research guided by status characteristics theory suggests that negative emotions have a negative effect on susceptibility to influence mainly among low-status group members.

Question 48

Botox injections may affect people's emotions because they make them feel like they are doing something positive for themselves.

Question 49

Anger, fear, happiness, and sadness are considered to be tertiary emotions.

Question 50

According to affect control theory, deflections occur when there is a discrepancy between the fundamental impressions and transient sentiments tied to a particular situation.

Question 51

The James-Lange theory links different emotions to:

A)changes in salient cultural norms
B)different cultural cues
C)different types of physiological arousal
D)moral development
E)variations in people's role taking abilities

Question 52

Within sociological social psychology, emotive experiences are presumed to have four components. These components are precipitating situations or events, physiological arousal, the cognitive label that identifies the experience a particular emotion, and:

A)biographical explanations
B)cultural norms
C)expressive gestures
D)interactional guides
E)role-appropriate behaviors

Question 53

Whereas people engage in emotion management across social settings, emotional labor occurs:

A)at home
B)at work
C)in impersonal public encounters
D)in stressful situations
E)in situations in which emotion management becomes conscious

Question 54

Even though she doesn't really care for her, Tasha really wants to like her new roommate. Thus, Tasha thinks about all of her roommate's good qualities in an attempt to make herself like this individual more. Tasha is engaging in:

A)the dramaturgical process of character review
B)deep acting
C)internalization
D)surface acting
E)what Goffman calls deceit

Question 55

Julio goes to a party and acts like he's glad to be there, even though he would rather be just about anywhere else. Julio is engaging in:

A)deep acting
B)projection
C)role play
D)surface acting
E)what Goffman calls deceit

Question 56

Whereas violations of display rules typically result in negative feedback from others, violations of feeling rules usually result in:

A)expulsion from the group
B)embarrassment
C)guilt
D)placement in a total institution
E)shame

Question 57

David is getting married but wonders whether he really loves his soon-to-be spouse. The thought that he may not love this individual is enough to make David feel guilty. This scenario illustrates the violation of a __________________and its consequences.

A)display rule
B)emotional contract
C)feeling rule
D)position script
E)role expectation

Question 58

If Jill laughs while attending the funeral of a family member, she is violating a:

A)display rule
B)emotional contract
C)feeling rule
D)feeling rule
E)role expectation

Question 59

Emotion norms include feeling rules and:

A)status scripts
B)display rules
C)interaction constraints
D)play rules
E)relational guides

Question 60

Why wouldn't Schachter and Singer's (1962) experiment on the effects of situational cues on anger and euphoria pass a human subjects committee today?

A)Some of the subjects were injected with adrenaline.
B)Subjects were not paid for their participation in the experiment.
C)The experiment was conducted off campus, which means that it wasn't covered by the university's insurance policy.
D)The experimenters refused to share their data with other researchers.
E)Women and racial/ethnic minorities were excluded from the study without just cause.

Question 61

The main implication of Schachter and Singer's two factor theory of emotions is that different emotions:

A)are rooted in the same type of physiological arousal
B)emerge in response to the same situational cues
C)have different labels
D)require different cognitive abilities
E)result in different behavioral responses

Question 62

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion, emotions have two components: physiological arousal and a cognitive label. What, according to Schachter and Singer, is the source of cognitive labels?

A)culture
B)roles and norms
C)situational cues
D)social structure
E)status characteristics

Question 63

Schachter and Singer (the two-factor theory of emotion) were:

A)psychological social psychologists
B)social structure and personality researchers
C)social learning theorists
D)symbolic interactionists
E)working within the group processes and structures orientation

Question 64

Schachter and Singer's two factor theory states that emotions have two components: physiological arousal and:

A)a behavioral response
B)a cognitive label
C)a stimulus event
D)a target toward which the feeling is directed
E)an impulse to act

Question 65

Botox injections may affect people's emotions because they:

A)facilitate the construction of new ("ageless") identities
B)increase the extent to which people feel accepted by society
C)introduce bacteria into their system, which may lead to chronic illness
D)limit their facial movements
E)make them feel like they are doing something positive for themselves

Question 66

Why would holding a pencil in your front teeth (vs. with your lips) make you feel happy?

A)You would know that you were in effect smiling and you have learned that a smile indicates happiness.
B)The muscle activity involved in this action causes vascular changes that reduce brain temperature.
C)The activity would make you self-conscious, which often results in nervous laughter.
D)This activity is similar to the movements involved in feeding during infancy.
E)You would need some rationale for engaging in the activity, and with the lack of any other explanation you would focus on your mood.

Question 67

A sympathy margin is the amount of time people are given to respond before being considered negligent when a family member is in crisis.