Question 1

A claim is objective, in the sense used by the text, if it is either&#10;A) true or false.&#10;B) true or false and its truth or falsity doesn't depend on who makes the claim.&#10;C) true or false and its truth or falsity doesn't depend on who makes the claim, or the time at which the claim is made.&#10;D) true or false and its truth or falsity doesn't depend on who makes the claim, or the time or place at which the claim is made.

Accepted Answer

The most accurate definition of objective claim is one that is true or false and its truth value is not dependent on the person making the claim or the time or place the claim is made. Therefore, option D is the best choice as it covers all possible factors that could affect the truth of a claim.

Question 2

Which of the following claims is objective?&#10;A) John Lennon is tall.&#10;B) It is raining here.&#10;C) It is legal for a nineteen-year-old to buy beer.&#10;D) There was a Romulan starship orbiting Neptune.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Divine command theory is often thought to rest on the premise that every law&#10;A) must have a lawmaker.&#10;B) must have citizens to follow it.&#10;C) is part of a constitution.&#10;D) is artificial.

Accepted Answer

Divine command theory holds that moral laws are created by a divine lawmaker, typically God. Therefore, according to this theory, every law must have a lawmaker (in this case, God).

Question 4

The Divine command theory holds that an action is morally wrong because&#10;A) it is forbidden by the Bible, and an action is morally okay because it has not been forbidden by the Bible.&#10;B) it is forbidden by God, and an action is morally okay because it has not been forbidden by God.&#10;C) God has discovered that it is morally wrong, and an action is morally okay because has discovered that it is not morally wrong.&#10;D) God has discovered and passed on to us that it is morally wrong, and an action is morally okay because has discovered and passed on to us that it is not morally wrong.

Accepted Answer

Divine command theory holds that an action is morally wrong because it is forbidden by God, and an action is morally okay because it has not been forbidden by God. It is not limited to the Bible as in option A, and it is not based on God's discovery of morality as in options C and D. Option B is the best choice as it directly relates to the main principle of Divine command theory.

Question 5

Divine command theory's understanding of law has been critiqued by scholars who insist that&#10;A) the moral law is a fundamental feature of reality.&#10;B) not every law has citizens who follow it.&#10;C) all laws are artificial.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Divine command theory holds that moral obligations derive from the commands of God. Therefore, the moral law is not seen as a fundamental feature of reality in this theory.

Question 6

__________ argued, &#34;We must have more to go on in the moral life than our own human faculties. In particular, the possibility of success in the moral life requires something which enables us to get out of skepticism. The Christian God has such a function.&#34;&#10;A) Thomas Aquinas&#10;B) John Calvin&#10;C) Linda Zagzebski&#10;D) A. J. Ayer

Accepted Answer

Linda Zagzebski made this argument, emphasizing the need for divine assistance to overcome skepticism in moral life, suggesting that the Christian God provides the necessary support for moral success.

Question 7

Divine command theory offers the benefit of&#10;A) responding to the challenge of moral skepticism.&#10;B) easily knowing the right and wrong thing to do.&#10;C) resolving all disagreements about right and wrong.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Divine command theory argues that moral obligations come from God's commands, which can respond to the challenge of moral skepticism (the idea that moral claims cannot be known). However, the theory does not necessarily offer an easy way to know the right and wrong thing to do, as different interpretations of God's commands can lead to disagreements. It also does not necessarily resolve all disagreements about right and wrong, as different religions and individuals may have different understandings of God's commands.

Question 8

Divine command theory suffers from which of the following weaknesses?&#10;A) We are committed to following God's commands, even when they are capricious and malevolent.&#10;B) Right and wrong are only &#34;in principle&#34; knowable.&#10;C) God's dead (Nietzsche has informed us).&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Divine command theory is based on the idea that morality is determined by God's commands. However, this presents a weakness because it raises the question of whether we are obligated to follow God's commands even if they are unjust or malicious. This can lead to moral dilemmas and conflicts within the theory itself. Option B is not entirely accurate as proponents of divine command theory argue that we can learn about God's commands through religious texts, prophets, or personal revelation. Option C is irrelevant as it does not address the weaknesses of divine command theory.

Question 9

Divine command theorists have responded to arguments regarding God's capricious and malevolent commands by claiming such commands&#10;A) being divine, are spiritualia mysteria.&#10;B) being divine, ought not be questioned.&#10;C) are simply impossible.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Divine command theorists argue that God, being perfectly good, would not issue capricious or malevolent commands, making such commands impossible.

Question 10

Which of the following claims is inconsistent with divine command theory?&#10;A) God could command us to murder, because His command is law.&#10;B) Right and wrong are no more and no less than what God commands.&#10;C) God would not command us to murder because murder is morally wrong.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Divine command theory asserts that morality is based on the commands of God. Option C states that God would not command us to do something morally wrong, as it contradicts His nature. This contradicts the notion that God's commands determine morality in divine command theory. Option A and B are consistent with Divine command theory, and Option D includes all options.

Question 11

__________ argued, &#34;If [God's] will has any cause, there must be something antecedent to it, and to which it is annexed; this it were impious to imagine. The will of God is the supreme rule of righteousness, so that everything which He wills must be held to be righteous by the mere fact of His willing it. Therefore, when it is asked why the Lord did so, we must answer, because He pleased. But if you proceed farther to ask why He pleased, you ask for something greater and more sublime than the will of God, and nothing such can be found.&#34;&#10;A) Thomas Aquinas&#10;B) John Calvin&#10;C) Linda Zagzebski&#10;D) A. J. Ayer

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ argued, &#34;If [God's] will has any...

Question 12

Descriptive cultural relativism claims that&#10;A) when it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what's meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of that person's culture.&#10;B) when someone says that an action is morally wrong, what she means is that she personally disapproves of it.&#10;C) when a person says that an action is morally wrong, she means that she would disapprove of it, given ideal conditions.&#10;D) different cultures around the world have different ethical codes, and what is considered wrong in one culture is not considered wrong in other cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Descriptive cultural relativism claims that&#10;A) when it's...

Question 13

As a theory, descriptive cultural relativism is generally considered&#10;A) uncontroversial.&#10;B) false.&#10;C) unintelligible.&#10;D) question begging.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a theory, descriptive cultural relativism is...

Question 14

The two different versions of metaethical cultural relativism are __________ relativism and __________ relativism.&#10;A) agent; speaker&#10;B) agent; person&#10;C) speaker; person&#10;D) categorical; hypothetical

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two different versions of metaethical cultural...

Question 15

Agent relativism claims that when&#10;A) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what's meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of that person's culture.&#10;B) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what is meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of the speaker's culture.&#10;C) someone says that an action is morally wrong, what she means is that she personally disapproves of it.&#10;D) a person says that an action is morally wrong, she means that she would disapprove of it, given ideal conditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Agent relativism claims that when&#10;A) it's said...

Question 16

Speaker relativism claims when&#10;A) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what's meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of that person's culture.&#10;B) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what is meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of the speaker's culture.&#10;C) someone says that an action is morally wrong, what she means is that she personally disapproves of it.&#10;D) a person says that an action is morally wrong, she means that she would disapprove of it, given ideal conditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Speaker relativism claims when&#10;A) it's said that...

Question 17

__________ seems to entail not always having to even consider someone's moral argument.&#10;A) Divine command theory&#10;B) Metaethical cultural relativism&#10;C) Expressivism&#10;D) Qualified attitude theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ seems to entail not always having...

Question 18

Simple subjectivism claims that when&#10;A) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what's meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of that person's culture.&#10;B) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what is meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of the speaker's culture.&#10;C) someone says that an action is morally wrong, what she means is that she personally disapproves of it.&#10;D) a person says that an action is morally wrong, she means that she would disapprove of it, given ideal conditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Simple subjectivism claims that when&#10;A) it's said...

Question 19

__________ has a difficulty trying to give a credible account of moral disagreement and discussion.&#10;A) Divine command theory&#10;B) Simple subjectivism&#10;C) Metaethical cultural relativism&#10;D) The qualified attitude theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ has a difficulty trying to give...

Question 20

__________ argued, &#34;If I say to someone 'You acted wrongly in stealing that money,' I am not stating anything more if I had simply said 'You stole that money.' In adding that this action is wrong . . . I am simply evincing my moral disapproval of it. It is as if I said 'You stole that money,' in a particular tone of horror, or written it with the addition of some special exclamation marks. This tone, or the exclamation marks, . . . [serves] merely to show that the expression of it is attended by certain feelings in the speaker.&#34;&#10;A) Thomas Aquinas&#10;B) John Calvin&#10;C) Linda Zagzebski&#10;D) A. J. Ayer

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ argued, &#34;If I say to someone...

Question 21

According to emotivism, &#34;stealing is wrong&#34; means more or less the same as&#10;A) thou shalt not steal.&#10;B) stealing is wrong to me.&#10;C) stealing is wrong in my culture.&#10;D) &#34;boo to stealing!&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to emotivism, &#34;stealing is wrong&#34; means...

Question 22

Expressivism attempts to solve simple subjectivism's inability to give a plausible account of moral discussion and disagreement by arguing that when they give arguments for their views, they are&#10;A) attempting to shame each other into doing the right thing.&#10;B) attempting to coerce each other into doing the right thing.&#10;C) attempting to modify each other's emotional responses.&#10;D) merely asserting their own emotional responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Expressivism attempts to solve simple subjectivism's inability...

Question 23

For expressivism, moral claims are&#10;A) always true.&#10;B) always false.&#10;C) either true or false.&#10;D) neither true nor false.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For expressivism, moral claims are&#10;A) always true.&#10;B)...

Question 24

The qualified attitude theory claims that when&#10;A) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what's meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of that person's culture.&#10;B) it's said that a person's action is morally wrong, what is meant is that the action is condemned by the ethical code of the speaker's culture.&#10;C) someone says that an action is morally wrong, what she means is that she personally disapproves of it.&#10;D) a person says that an action is morally wrong, she means that she would disapprove of it, given ideal conditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The qualified attitude theory claims that when&#10;A)...

Question 25

The qualified attitude theory does not include which of the following among its ideal conditions?&#10;A) A person is fully informed about the relevant facts.&#10;B) A person has constructed a well formed, deductive argument.&#10;C) A person is psychologically normal, sober, and not suffering from a psychological disorder that affects moral feelings or reasoning.&#10;D) A person is not biased by self-interest.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The qualified attitude theory does not include...

Question 26

For the qualified attitude theory to be of any practical use,&#10;A) one must merely attempt to approximate the ideal.&#10;B) one must satisfy at least one condition.&#10;C) one must merely approximate the ideal.&#10;D) one must satisfy each condition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For the qualified attitude theory to be...

Question 27

Explain the term objective as defined by the textbook, being sure to include its relation to truth and falsity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the term objective as defined by...

Question 28

Describe the divine command theory and at least one objection to it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the divine command theory and at...

Question 29

Describe the differences between the following views, noting their various strengths and weaknesses: (i) descriptive cultural relativism, (ii) agent relativism, and (iii) speaker relativism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the differences between the following views,...

Question 30

Explain simple subjectivism and at least one objection to it. How might a simple subjectivist respond to this objection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain simple subjectivism and at least one...

Question 31

Explain expressivism and at least one objection to it. How might an expressivist respond to this objection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain expressivism and at least one objection...

Deck 12: Are There Objective Truths About Right and Wrong?