Deck 36: Globalisation, Terrorism and Human Rights

Question 1

Organized crime would appear long to have had connections with the waste disposal industry.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

How can states be guilty of environmental crime?

Answer 2

There is considerable evidence that state agencies in the developed world have a less than pure record in this field. Brook (2009), for example, argues that the U.S. government historically has targeted the lands occupied by native American tribes as sites for depositing many of the poisonous by-products of modern industrial society.

Question 3

Why are Ulrich Beck's ideas about a 'risk society' relevant to green criminology?

Answer 3

Beck is arguing that the advances in knowledge and the creation of new technologies are now frequently a source of very considerable threat to our well-being. We are producing risks that are potentially devastating; new sources of risk and uncertainty: pollution, global warming, BSE, nuclear power, superbugs, avian flu and so on.

Question 4

What is said to be the link between the new 'regulatory capitalism' and the environmental sphere?

Question 5

Identify four primary categories of environmental harm.

A)air pollution
B)deforestation
C)transport
D)water pollution
E)general resource depletion

Question 6

What sort of activities might be included in the list of concerns for those arguing for a social harm perspective?

A)manipulation and exploitation of natural resources (such as pollution infractions)
B)wildlife violations (such as trade in endangered species)
C)illegal extraction of natural resources (illegal logging, mining, fishing and plant removal)
D)illegal land management (filling of wetlands, removal of endangered species)

Question 7

One of the concerns at the heart of 'green criminology' revolve around the notion of 'environmental harm'. How has the relationship between human actors and their environment been conceptualised by Halsey and White (1998)?

A)'anthropocentric'
B)'biocentric'
C)'econcentric'
D)'geocentric'

Question 8

What are the three foundations of a 'green perspective' in criminology?

A)Studies of regulation, disasters and corporate and state violations
B)Legal and social censures
C)Social movements and environmental politics
D)Crop circles

Question 9

What is the main problem identified by Wellsmith (2010) with situational crime prevention in terms of the illicit trade in endangered species?

A)a lack of vigilance by locals/tourists
B)'displacement' to other species and other types of illegal activity
C)customs officers

Question 10

Arguably, who are likely to suffer most as the victims of environmental crimes?

A)everyone is equally a potential victim
B)non human animals
C)the relatively powerless and disenfranchised
D)all of the above

Question 11

Why are crimes against the environment, or nature, said to be closely linked with issues of globalisation and risk?

A)because they are a relatively new area of criminological concern
B)because they are linked to 'grass roots' activism
C)because it is clear that environmental dangers are no respecters of national boundaries

Question 12

In explaining the way environmental issues become criminalised why has the 'green perspective' been adopted by criminologists over the term 'environmental crime'?

A)to show that the concern is for plants and trees
B)to avoid confusion with crime associated with spacial factors
C)to show that it is about a political stance

Question 13

Grabosky and Grant (2000: 3) suggest that the prevention of environmental crime will usually require a "magic bullet"

Question 14

International trade bans could solve the problem of the import/export of endangered species.

Question 15

It is thought that stronger systems of regulation and control could prevent transnational environmental crime.

Question 16

Transnational organised crime is involved in environmental violations.

Question 17

Why is it difficult to produce reliable the scale of the problem in the trade in protected wildlife?