Deck 12: Paid Worker Role and Health

Question 1

What is the difference between the differential exposure hypothesis and the differential vulnerability hypothesis with respect to the effects of roles on women's and men's health?

Answer 1

Differential exposure - if one sex is more likely to have a role than the other sex and that role is associated with health, this is the differential exposure hypothesis
Differential vulnerability - if one role is more strongly related to health for one sex than the other, this is differential vulnerability.

Question 2

Describe how "control" can explain the effect of paid employment on health.

Answer 2

To the extent that work increases one's perceptions of control, work benefits health. Work increases control to the extent it provides economic resources. Work decreases control to the extent it increases household demands.

Question 3

What is the apparent effect of the increase in women outearning men?

Answer 3

There is a reduced rate of marriage for women outearning men.
Women who have the potential to outearn men are selecting out of the labor force and choosing jobs that are lower level and fewer hours to avoid this situation.

Question 4

What is the difference between role overload and role conflict?

Question 5

What are the three kinds of tension that Hochschild said pervades dual-earner couples today?

Question 6

What are some examples of jobs that have remained sex segregated over the past 30 years and some examples of jobs that have become more equally distributed between men and women?

Question 7

What is the difference between access discrimination and treatment discrimination? Which one best characterizes sexual harassment?

Question 8

What is the "Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act?"

Question 9

What is the "glass cliff," and what are some reasons for it?

Question 10

Is the sex wage gap smaller or larger for black people compared to white people?

Question 11

What are some reasons for the wage gap according to supply side theory?

Question 12

What is the "salary estimation effect?"

Question 13

What is the "motherhood penalty," and what are some reasons for it?

Question 14

What is the one situation in which women's negotiations are as successful as those of men?

Question 15

What is a social psychological explanation of sexual harassment?

Question 16

The differential exposure hypothesis states:

A) men and women are exposed to different roles.
B) differences in men's and women's roles explain sex differences in health
C) roles have different effects on men and women.
D) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is true about paid employment and health?

A) Paid employment leads to better health
B) Health leads to paid employment
C) Paid employment only leads to better health for men
D) A and B

Question 18

When wives are employed, husbands are more distressed if:

A) wives maintain a high level of household labor
B) husbands' household labor increases
C) husbands' income is double that of wives
D) all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following are likely to occur when women outearn men?

A) women are less likely to get married
B) women work more hours
C) men increase their household labor
D) a and b only

Question 20

Which of the following is more likely to affect retirement for women than men?

A) the amount of money earned
B) the age at retirement
C) whether one chooses to retire or is forced to retire
D) family obligations

Question 21

Which of the following is part of the role scarcity hypothesis?

A) role expansion
B) role overload
C) role conflict
D) b and c only

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the tensions that Hochschild said dual earners face today?

A) men and women having different views of who should do what inside and outside the home
B) men and women desire traditional roles, but the economy doesn't permit this
C) increased demands from both inside and outside the home
D) both husbands and wives devalue work inside the home

Question 23

Which group of women is most likely to work part time?

A) White women
B) Black women
C) Black men
D) Asian men

Question 24

When women are not offered positions that are offered to men, this is:

A) treatment discrimination
B) access discrimination
C) overt discrimination
D) a and b only

Question 25

Which of the following is true about the relation of gender to the work environment?

A) Men have more control over their schedules than women.
B) Men report more job strain than women.
C) Men receive more support at work than women.
D) All of the above.

Question 26

The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act:

A) was about treatment discrimination
B) concerned pay disparity
C) stated that complaints must be filed within 6 months of the most recent discrimination
D) all of the above

Question 27

Barriers to the advancement of women are referred to as:

A) the glass ceiling
B) the glass escalator
C) the glass cliff
D) b and c only

Question 28

The glass cliff refers to:

A) women getting fired for mistakes made by men
B) women being more likely to be fired than men for the same mistakes
C) women being more likely than men to be offered risky leadership positions
D) women being less likely to be promoted than men

Question 29

April 15 is referred to as "equal pay day." What does this mean?

A) it is the one day a year that women come closest to making the same amount as men
B) it is the date that women would have to work to get the same salary men earned in the past year
C) it is the day when employers are asked to re-evaluate how much they pay men and women
D) it is the day when Congress passed the equal pay act.

Question 30

Today, women earn, on average, what percent of what men make?

A) 81%
B) 95%
C) 62%
D) 75%

Question 31

The wage gap is largest between:

A) white men and white women
B) black men and black women
C) white men and black women
D) Hispanic men and Hispanic women

Question 32

Discrimination is best represented by:

A) supply-side theory
B) demand-side theory
C) human capital theory
D) all of the above

Question 33

The idea that jobs inhabited by men pay more than jobs inhabited by women is referred to as:

A) demand-side theory
B) glass cliff
C) salary estimation effect
D) access discrimination

Question 34

Why don't women negotiate as often as men?

A) women believe in a meritocracy
B) women are concerned that negotiation will lead to conflict
C) women expect less money than men
D) all of the above

Question 35

In which situation are women most successful in negotiation?

A) when women behave in an assertive way
B) when women behave in a tentative manner
C) when women negotiate on behalf of someone else
D) when the situation is a communal one

Question 36

Which country has the most advanced parental leaves?

A) United States
B) Turkey
C) Japan
D) Sweden

Question 37

Marriage leads to an increase in salary for men. This is known as:

A) marriage discrimination
B) access discrimination
C) marital bonus
D) marital penalty

Question 38

With which statement do most women disagree?

A) I receive the benefits from my job that I deserve
B) I am the victim of sex discrimination
C) Women are discriminated against
D) All of the above

Question 39

The presence of pornographic material in the work place constitutes:

A) quid pro quo sexual harassment
B) hostile environment sexual harassment
C) sexual coercion
D) all of the above

Question 40

Which of the following is true about sexual harassment?

A) women are more likely than men to perceive the same behavior as harassment
B) there is a personality scale called the Likelihood to Sexually Harass that predicts sexual harassment
C) women in traditionally masculine occupations are more likely to be harassed
D) all of the above