Deck 4: Socialization,Interaction,and the Self

Question 1

Which of the following is one of the goals of socialization?

A) To ensure that society self-evaluates
B) To teach norms, values, and beliefs
C) To teach people how to avoid incarceration
D) To teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The term "socialization" refers to:

A) the lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
B) the fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.
C) the interaction between different societies' cultures.
D) the process by which individuals come to know one another.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How do sociologists define the self?

A) The part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society
B) Only the private innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others
C) The experience of an individual's personal identity, distinct from other people
D) The parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with parents or guardians

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Children who are raised without human interaction,or with a minimum of human contact,are referred to as ________ children.

A) feral
B) institutionalized
C) cognitively disadvantaged
D) environmentally challenged

Question 5

The nature vs.nurture debate helps us understand:

A) the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization.
B) the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.
C) why biology has nothing to do with human potential.
D) how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits.

Question 6

Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves.Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins,putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins.The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins that they were related to or associated with,but they ignored the names of strangers.This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected.If this research holds up,what does it suggest about dolphins?

A) They go through stages of socialization.
B) Significant others are as important to dolphins as they are to us.
C) The ocean may be like a frontstage area, in Goffman's terminology.
D) They have a sense of self similar to that of humans.

Question 7

Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund freud expect to be most fully developed?

A) The psychosexual side
B) The id
C) The ego
D) The superego

Question 8

According to Sigmund freud's theoretical perspective,what are the parts of the mind?

A) The looking-glass self and the dual nature of self
B) The dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other
C) The significant other and the generalized other
D) The id, the ego, and the superego

Question 9

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys.Boys get action figures that encourage active and aggressive play;girls get dolls and toy ovens that encourage domesticity.This is part of what process?

A) Personality
B) Socialization
C) Social isolation
D) Status conflict

Question 10

What happens to individuals who are not socialized?

A) They are likely to produce their own words and therefore have a much larger vocabulary than the average person.
B) They are devoid of many of the qualities we associate with being human.
C) They have a much harder time with reading and math.
D) They are more likely to divorce.

Question 11

What was Sigmund freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

A) His use of the terms "generalized other" and "significant other"
B) His theory of the unconscious mind
C) His theory of the looking-glass self
D) His research on feral children

Question 12

According to Sigmund freud,which part of the mind is composed of biological drives and consequently is the source of psychic energy?

A) The looking-glass self
B) The id
C) The ego
D) The superego

Question 13

Several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation,such as the case of Genie in 1970,suggest that:

A) most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.
B) human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity.
C) the effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time.
D) the effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old.

Question 14

Here is a quote from freud,describing a part of the mind as he theorized it: It is the dark,inaccessible part of our personality,what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms.. . .We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos,a cauldron full of seething excitations.
Which part of the mind was he talking about?

A) The id
B) The ego
C) The superego
D) The conscience

Question 15

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund freud,which part of our mind is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality?

A) The id
B) The ego
C) The superego
D) The unconscious

Question 16

Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old.Victor was incapable of talking and he never fully adjusted to life with other humans.This case shows the importance of:

A) Impression management
B) Positive sanctions
C) The superego
D) Socialization

Question 17

The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang: Part environment
And part heredity
What we're born with
And what's been fed to me
What issue is being referenced in this song?

A) The nature vs. nurture debate
B) Impression management
C) Dramaturgy
D) Role conflict

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the process of socialization is true?

A) It eventually stops, generally around adulthood.
B) The process is reciprocal: society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society.
C) It stays consistent over time.
D) It stays consistent in most social settings.

Question 19

In his book The Interpretation of Dreams,Sigmund freud suggested that:

A) thoughts must originate in both the id and the superego.
B) the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious.
C) dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" in order for analysis to succeed.
D) people are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.

Question 20

Which of the following statements reflects the best understanding of the nature vs.nurture debate?

A) Nature matters, but nurture is far more important, because socialization accounts for far more of the variation between people.
B) Nature is responsible for some traits, like intelligence and athletic ability, while nurture is responsible for emotional traits.
C) Nature and nurture are not opposing forces, but they constantly modify each other as part of a larger interactive process.
D) Nature only plays a role in the purely physical aspects of our lives, such as height, weight, and eye color.

Question 21

Which part of the mind would freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?

A) The id
B) The ego
C) The superego
D) The brain

Question 22

Sigmund freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse,struggling to keep it under control.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 23

What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to each other?

A) Status
B) The looking-glass self
C) The unconscious
D) The particular other

Question 24

A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes.What would Erving Goffman call this?

A) A personal front
B) Impression management
C) An expression of behavior
D) Backstage

Question 25

According to George Herbert Mead,what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?

A) The values and beliefs of their parents
B) The behaviors associated with particular roles
C) How to imitate things
D) The attitudes and expectations of society as a whole

Question 26

The dual nature of the self,according to George Herbert Mead,refers to the idea that:

A) there is both a conscious nature and an unconscious nature of the self.
B) We have both a public self and a private self.
C) we experience the self as both subject and object.
D) there is both a social side and an instinctual side to the self.

Question 27

When a child can internalize the expectations of other specific people,she has learned to:

A) overcome the looking-glass self.
B) take the role of the particular or significant other.
C) take the role of the generalized other.
D) follow the rules of games.

Question 28

According to George Herbert Mead,in what way is a game of football like society?

A) In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.
B) In both football and society, there are winners and losers.
C) Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.
D) Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

Question 29

Which of the following is one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?

A) We try to interpret other people's reactions to our presence and our presentation of ourselves.
B) We imagine our lives like a movie.
C) We experience ourselves in private.
D) We imagine how we look in popular fashions.

Question 30

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead,the generalized other is:

A) the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others.
B) the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society.
C) an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.
D) the role toddlers take on when they graduate from the meaningless imitation of infancy to the play stage of young childhood.

Question 31

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us.What did Goffman call this process?

A) Impression management
B) Definition of the situation
C) Cooling the mark out
D) Expressions of behavior

Question 32

The concept of the looking-glass self explains:

A) why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do.
B) how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.
C) how young children come to realize that they have a separate identity.
D) why we respond to the generalized other.

Question 33

"Each to each a looking-glass,/ Reflects the other that doth pass." This poem,associated with sociologist Charles Cooley,indicates that our sense of self originates in:

A) basic biological drives.
B) the first stage of sexual development.
C) genetics.
D) interactions with other people.

Question 34

If a college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind,where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?

A) These ideas are mostly genetic, part of the structure of her personality that she was born with.
B) These ideas came from fellow students and teachers expressing admiration.
C) These ideas came from the ease with which she understood new concepts.
D) These ideas came from the inherent confidence that comes with truly exceptional mental abilities.

Question 35

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead,why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self?

A) Game playing involves learning emotional self-control.
B) Game playing reinforces the primary group ties that are essential to emotional well-being.
C) Game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms.
D) Game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of expressions given,as defined by Erving Goffman?

A) They are typically verbal and intentional.
B) They are typically nonverbal.
C) They often include facial expressions, body language, and style of dress.
D) They are usually beyond the control of the individual who is giving them.

Question 37

Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for a team when games are played at recess.However,he likes to make silly jokes and play pranks,and he notices that people laugh when he does those things.The child starts to think that others are laughing with him,not at him.This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called:

A) backstage.
B) the preparatory stage.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) impression management.

Question 38

Susie isn't old enough to go to school yet,but she loves to play house.She has a toy stove and she pretends to be a mother.Sometimes,when that gets boring,she goes outside,takes a garden hose,and pretends to be a firefighter.George Herbert Mead would say that Susie is:

A) in the play stage.
B) in the game stage.
C) her own generalized other.
D) aware of the roles of others.

Question 39

Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real,it is real in its consequences?

A) W. I. Thomas
B) Erving Goffman
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Cooley

Question 40

Which of the following is true of expressions given off,as defined by Erving Goffman?

A) They are usually verbal.
B) They are always under the control of the person who is giving them off.
C) They often happen so quickly that the brain cannot process them.
D) They are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.

Question 41

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins: All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts
Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

A) Agents of socialization
B) Dramaturgy
C) The psychosexual stages of development
D) The social construction of emotions

Question 42

As children get older,which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

A) Peers
B) The media
C) Schools
D) Religion

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

A) A college
B) A prison
C) A family
D) A workplace

Question 44

Churches usually teach their members rules,often codifying these rules into formal commandments to be followed.Because of this,churches can be called:

A) Dramaturgists
B) Part of the media
C) Total institutions
D) Agents of socialization

Question 45

What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?

A) Vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance
B) Punctuality, neatness, and discipline
C) Math, reading, and science
D) Civics and the principles of American government

Question 46

A waitress is hired at the local branch of La Maison de la Casa House.On her first day,she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt,to never carry a notepad,and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's:

A) Backstage
B) Looking-glass self
C) Role strain
D) Personal front

Question 47

Because impression management relies so much on strategies of performance,scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas:

A) Psychoanalysis
B) The dual self
C) Self-centered society
D) Dramaturgy

Question 48

Many of us have fond memories of kindergarten,perhaps because there was more time for activities like making art from macaroni and singing songs.However,a sociologist might point out that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts.They're also being taught how to be students: how to sit still,take orders,remain in their seats,and behave in school.In other words,they are learning skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education.What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?

A) Expressions of behavior
B) The hidden curriculum
C) Theories of the self
D) The ego

Question 49

Appearance,manner,style of dress,race,gender,and age are all elements of:

A) an individual's personal front.
B) setting or region.
C) expressions given.
D) the superego.

Question 50

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in fiji,who until recently lacked widespread access to television?

A) Television had few effects when it was first introduced, but it will probably be a significant long-term influence.
B) Television affected young women's body image.
C) Television increased the level of teen violence.
D) Television had almost no effect whatsoever.

Question 51

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?

A) The family
B) Peer groups
C) School
D) The mass media

Question 52

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

A) Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society.
B) No matter what stage of life we are in, the family plays an important role in our everyday lives.
C) The family is where we begin the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
D) family values are strong today in the United States.

Question 53

When you play high-stakes poker,it is silly to tell your opponents that you have a good hand.However,particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells"-the subtle and unintentional facial expressions,mannerisms,and body language that reveal what they are thinking.What would Erving Goffman call tells?

A) Expressions given off
B) The dual nature of the self
C) Expressions given
D) The social construction of reality

Question 54

When we try to understand how other people define a situation,why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given?

A) Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways.
B) We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
C) Expressions given are almost never intentional.
D) Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional.

Question 55

Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers.Imagine that to get a ride,a hitchhiker makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker.A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on:

A) expressions of behavior.
B) impression management.
C) expressions given off.
D) expressions given.

Question 56

Research on teen smoking and other deviant behaviors has found that the most important factor in statistically predicting whether a teen will take up a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who also engage in that behavior.This is probably because the other teens are acting:

A) in ways that are closely connected to the family.
B) in cooperation with schools and the media.
C) as the most powerful long-term force in their friends' lives.
D) as agents of socialization.

Question 57

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring,lifelong impact on the individual?

A) The family
B) Peers
C) The media
D) School

Question 58

Sociologists examine financial collapses,such as those of the 1930s,in which rumors of insolvency,when believed by enough depositors,resulted in real bank failures.What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?

A) Expressions given off
B) The Thomas theorem
C) Dramaturgy
D) The generalized other

Question 59

The University of California,Santa Barbara,is located near the Pacific Ocean,and many students live within walking distance of the beach.Although the students feel that it's perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach,most of them put on a cover-up,or wrap themselves in a towel,to make the short walk back to their apartments.This is because the beach,unlike the street,is a(n)________ where wearing nothing but a bathing suit is considered normal and acceptable.

A) agent of socialization
B) front
C) generalized other
D) region

Question 60

In 2000 Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls.The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake,but the boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them OK for the girls to eat.The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern.Why were parents worried?

A) The calorie count was deceptive.
B) Soup isn't part of a healthy diet.
C) The ads taught girls to worry about their weight and negatively affected their body image.
D) Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed full of preservatives and sodium, which is very bad for the skin.

Question 61

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster.On the one hand,it's his job to try to win as many games as possible,which means playing the best players;on the other hand,his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate.The tension he feels is the result of:

A) Role strain
B) The definition of the situation
C) Role conflict
D) Emotion work

Question 62

In 1998 former NfL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife or playing professional football.What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?

A) The unconscious
B) Role conflict
C) A dual self
D) Role strain

Question 63

Which of these statements about roles is true?

A) A role involves behaviors.
B) A role doesn't involve hierarchy.
C) A role doesn't involve status.
D) A role is earned or imposed in some way.

Question 64

What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program,in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs,and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?

A) The process of training dogs helps resocialize prisoners.
B) The program now has branches in almost every prison in the United States, demonstrating globalization.
C) Quinn's program was founded on freudian principles, including the idea of the id, ego, and superego.
D) The original research on Quinn's program was done by George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.

Question 65

Sister Pauline Quinn's dog-training program benefits everyone involved: the dogs,the prisoners,the prisons,and people with disabilities.With this in mind,Quinn called the program:

A) "Part of a chain reaction of good"
B) "The best way to reduce crime without spending more money"
C) "Part of a larger social movement directed at shutting down penal establishments"
D) "A start, but only a start, at reshaping the way that inmates are treated in this country"

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

A) A teenager being pressured by his friends to take up smoking
B) Ads for fast food that air during Saturday morning cartoons to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers
C) Parents teaching their children how to behave around company
D) A stay-at-home mother becoming paralyzed in a car accident

Question 67

How does a person come to possess an achieved status?

A) An achieved status is earned.
B) An achieved status is located in the physical body.
C) An achieved status is unalterable, so it is always present.
D) An achieved status is inherited from our parents.

Question 68

What sort of status would a physical disability be?

A) An achieved status
B) A multiplicative status
C) An embodied status
D) An ascribed status

Question 69

When a parent has to decide between being on time for work or helping his child with a homework assignment,he is experiencing:

A) Role conflict
B) Role-taking emotions
C) Resocialization
D) Role strain

Question 70

Which of the following is not an example of an altered life circumstance that will require a significant degree of resocialization?

A) Going away to college
B) Getting a promotion at work
C) Retiring
D) Joining a gym

Question 71

A female police officer who struggles with commanding respect from male colleagues while also presenting herself in traditionally feminine ways may be experiencing:

A) Stereotyping
B) Bigotry
C) Role conflict
D) Role strain

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?

A) Going to an anti-war protest
B) Boys don't cry
C) Cleanliness is next to Godliness
D) fasting for religious purposes

Question 73

The term "master status" is defined as:

A) a set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position.
B) a status that seems to override all other statuses a person may possess.
C) a set of expectations that are attached to a specific role.
D) a perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view.

Question 74

A traffic cop pulls over a speeder,only to discover that the driver is a close friend.The police officer is torn,because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break.This is an example of:

A) Ego strain
B) An expression of behavior
C) Role conflict
D) Role strain

Question 75

A research study examined how teachers at community colleges handled retirement.The study found that the unique culture of such institutions had a significant effect on how retirees coped with their new situation.Which of the following could be the title of a paper written about this study?

A) "The Role-Exit Process of Community College faculty: A Study of faculty Retirement"
B) "Role Strain and Teacher-Student Conflict: A Study of faculty Anger Management"
C) "Role Conflict in Community College faculty: A Study of faculty-Administration Arbitration"
D) "The Dramaturgical Structure of Community College Teaching: Life after Retirement"

Question 76

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

A) There will always be new situations and new roles to learn.
B) People are spending more and more time in school.
C) The family and schools do a poor job of socializing children.
D) Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents.

Question 77

Resocialization is particularly severe when people are cut off from their previous relations with society and their former identities are stripped away.Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

A) Remarriage
B) Retirement
C) The birth of a first child
D) Entry into a total institution

Question 78

Role conflict occurs when:

A) we have multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.
B) a role has contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within ourselves.
C) we have a role that requires us to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.
D) we have a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within our social circle.

Question 79

A position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations is called:

A) A role
B) A stereotype
C) An agent of socialization
D) A status

Question 80

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following?

A) A total institution
B) An orientation course
C) An open institution
D) A partial institution