Deck 2: Canadas Families: Historical and Contemporary Variations

Question 1

Comacchio refers to families that adapt and initiate larger demographic, economic, cultural, and political trends as ________

A) migrating families.
B) adaptive families.
C) cultural actors.
D) historical actors.
E) national individuals.

Answer 1

historical actors.

Question 2

The historic centrality of families derives from the functions of ________

A) reproduction.
B) production.
C) socialization.
D) maintenance and regulation.
E) all of the above.

Answer 2

all of the above.

Question 3

The ________ family, characterizing traditional agrarian communities, was imported intact to the New World.

A) historic
B) stem/extended
C) nuclear
D) colonial
E) "European"

Answer 3

stem/extended

Question 4

Central to family life in the North American colonies was the idea that adulthood was signified by ________

A) age.
B) economic status.
C) early marriage and family formation.
D) paid work position.
E) gender.

Question 5

In colonial times, women were all of the following except: ________

A) expected to get pregnant right after marriage.
B) pregnant every two to three years.
C) considered tragic if they were without children.
D) likely to adopt within family and kin circles.
E) pregnant before marriage.

Question 6

In the new nation of Canada, urban middle class, anglophone, francophone, Protestant, and Catholic family life became less concerned with economic subsistence and more with maintaining ________ living standards.

A) respectable
B) comfortable
C) healthy
D) luxurious
E) social

Question 7

In the late 1800s, Queen Victoria inspired ________, which focused on gendered separate spheres for men and women.

A) modernization
B) manufactories
C) the cult of domesticity
D) the nanny phenomenon
E) female empowerment

Question 8

_______ was augmented and accelerated by such transportation and communication advances as canals, railways, and telegraph lines, all of which facilitated the realization of a nation "from sea unto sea" that was realized by the first decade of the twentieth century.

A) Industrialization
B) Development
C) Modernization
D) Expansion
E) Technology

Question 9

Many newcomers were intent on resettling families, kin, and even entire villages, complete with their social institutions on the prairies. This familial practice became known as ________

A) chain migration.
B) family expansionism.
C) kinship enlargement.
D) kinship growth.
E) societal rejuvenation.

Question 10

Compulsory school legislation began in Ontario in ________

A) 1867.
B) 1871.
C) 1896.
D) 1900.
E) 1901.

Question 11

The relationship of structural and familial change through time can be attributed to the impact of the ________ process.

A) domesticity
B) migration
C) transitional
D) modernization
E) urbanization

Question 12

________ families were bearing the brunt of exploitation and deprivation in the midst of the rapid socio-economic changes at the turn of the twentieth century.

A) Working-class
B) Lower-class
C) Upper-class
D) Both a and b
E) Same-sex families

Question 13

The "factory laws" of the 1890s took away jobs from women and children, and also ________

A) devalued working men.
B) allowed women to acquire paid positions in factories.
C) reinforced the middle-class male breadwinner family ideal.
D) compensated women for these lost jobs.
E) positioned women as the head of the household.

Question 14

The _______ that was passed by the federal government in 1876 defined Indigenous people as wards of the Crown, officially infantilizing them in their relations with the paternal state and its agents.

A) Indigenous Act
B) Aboriginal Act
C) Metis Act
D) Indian Act
E) Status Indian Act

Question 15

In 1900, the average age for men to marry was ________ years old and ________ years old for women.

A) 20; 22
B) 21; 23
C) 25; 28
D) 28; 25
E) 26; 27

Question 16

The twentieth century was proclaimed the "________". Childhood was seen as a special, vulnerable, dependent life stage associated with play, schooling, and character formation rather than work and wages.

A) Century of Youth
B) Century of the Child
C) Century of the Offspring
D) Century of Descendants
E) Century of the Progeny

Question 17

The phrase "________" referred to the situation where a man would desert his wife rather than seek an official divorce in the early part of the 1900s.

A) abandoning the home
B) spouse escaping
C) exiting the home life
D) breaking the marital bond
E) the poor man's divorce

Question 18

During the interwar years, ________ strove to restrict the immigration that many felt was leading to racial generation.

A) eugenics
B) Darwinism
C) pronatalism
D) equity revolution
E) sterilization

Question 19

The first Canadian universal welfare measure developed in 1944 was called the ________

A) New Deal.
B) Social Minimum.
C) Family Allowances Act.
D) Report on Social Security.
E) Universal Child Tax Benefit.

Question 20

The Family Allowances Act (1944) was the nation's first universal welfare measure. The federal government gave mothers ________ dollars per month for each child 16 years and younger.

A) two
B) three to five
C) five to eight
D) eight to ten
E) ten to fifteen

Question 21

Postwar________ occurred after the Second World War as Canadians wanted to settle into a nostalgic version of domesticity.

A) Homemaking
B) Reconstruction
C) Family Time
D) Baby Boom
E) Golden

Question 22

The sharp increase in birth rates, called the Baby Boom, began in ________

A) 1945.
B) 1947.
C) 1950.
D) 1951.
E) 1956.

Question 23

The 1950s mark the "golden age" of the so-called ________ family.

A) golden
B) deviant
C) normal
D) prosperous
E) aging

Question 24

________ people were among the largest group of immigrants during the second wave of immigrants in 1951.

A) Chinese
B) Indian
C) Japanese
D) Polish
E) Italian

Question 25

After the Second World War, the federal government's commitment to supporting the postwar economy led to the establishment of the ________

A) Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
B) Automobile Act.
C) Job Growth Act.
D) Education for Our Children Organization.
E) Child Tax Benefit.

Question 26

In the 1950s, the purchase of a ________ transformed family time and recreation in the evenings.

A) car
B) radio
C) television set
D) washing machine
E) dishwasher

Question 27

In the 1950s, American feminist Betty Friedan called this time in women's lives to be "________"

A) the scientific dilemma.
B) the problem without a name.
C) the pill popping era.
D) the national disaster.
E) female empowerment.

Question 28

In the 1950s and 1960s, mass produced books written by pediatricians like Dr. Benjamin Spock, were popular in middle-class homes across North America. Despite Dr. Spock's reassuring tones, most childrearing experts of the day blamed ________ for all of the physical, emotional, and developmental problems that children might face.

A) the school system
B) grandparents
C) babysitters
D) fathers
E) mothers

Question 29

When the first wave of Baby Boomers entered adolescence in the 1960s, the problem worrying Canadians became known as the "________"

A) reproductive dilemma.
B) chain migration.
C) generational overload.
D) Youthquake.
E) Century of the Child.

Question 30

________ had the most important influence on families of the 1960s and 1970s.

A) Divorce
B) The legalization of homosexual relationships
C) The establishment of residential schools
D) The recession
E) The Pill

Question 31

An example of familial change of the twenty-first century is ________

A) the increasing numbers of mothers staying home to raise children.
B) the small proportion of men who interrupted their career to care for children.
C) men choosing to remain single.
D) men marrying at younger ages.
E) the extreme reversal of gender roles in the household.

Question 32

The legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Canada came about with the Civil Marriage Act of ________

A) 1999.
B) 2001.
C) 2005.
D) 2010.
E) 2015.

Question 33

Between 2006 and 2011, the number of common-law couples increased by approximately ________

A) 5 per cent.
B) 10 per cent.
C) 14 per cent.
D) 25 per cent.
E) 30 per cent.

Question 34

According to the 2006 and 2011 Census, the number of same-sex couple families increased by approximately

A) 10 per cent.
B) 15 per cent.
C) 27 per cent.
D) 42 per cent.
E) 55 per cent.

Question 35

The following statement regarding Indigenous children is false: ________

A) In 2011, Indigenous children aged 14 and over were less likely than non-Indigenous children to live with married parents.
B) Indigenous children were twice as likely to live with a lone parent.
C) Indigenous children were twice as likely to live with their grandparents.
D) Indigenous children account for 20 per cent of all children in Canada.
E) Indigenous children were overrepsented in foster care.

Question 36

Only recently have Canadian families become diverse models in form and composition.

Question 37

The emergence of family history as a branch of "new social history" studies emerged in universities in the 1960s.

Question 38

The family as an ideal is socially constructed and reconstructed to meet the larger social needs and objectives that are defined by the dominant class and upheld by the state, in any given time.

Question 39

The definition of "family" is not as relevant to our individual, social, and national identities as it was 100 years ago.

Question 40

The historic centrality of families derives from their vital social functions: reproduction, production, socialization, maintenance, and regulation.

Question 41

Due to an abundance of cheap land in North America, nuclear families dominated during colonization times.

Question 42

By the mid-nineteenth century, women became newly glorified in their traditional domestic roles and were expected to make home and family a safe haven.

Question 43

By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, inexpensive farm land was increasingly scarce, making it difficult for adult sons to purchase land and settle their families.

Question 44

During the early twentieth century, as Canada was undergoing modernization, families began taking greater responsibility for educating their children at home.

Question 45

Due to socio-economic changes at the turn of the twentieth century, approximately 1 in 10 babies lost their lives before their first birthdays.

Question 46

In the twentieth century, maternal mortality was the second-ranked threat to life for women of child-bearing age.

Question 47

Men's focus in the early 1900s was to "clean up" the material and moral dilemmas that existed as a result of the modernizing forces.

Question 48

During the modernization process, women's work, both inside and outside the home, was deemed unimportant to family subsistence.

Question 49

In early twentieth-century Canada, government policies encouraged African Americans from Oklahoma to settle in Alberta.

Question 50

Immigration to Canada in the Laurier years (1896-1911) seemed to be open to all origins of race but was actually very selective and discriminatory.

Question 51

The 1911 census showed that Asian and South Asian immigrant communities in Canada were exclusively female.

Question 52

The nation-building and westward expansion that occurred in the early twentieth century affected Aboriginal families far more than other Canadian families.

Question 53

The passage of the Indian Act (1876) ensured that Aboriginal women who married white men kept all their privileges associated with Indian status.

Question 54

As a result of the land treaties of the 1870s, many Aboriginal children were removed from their families and communities in order to break the cultural transmission of their languages and customs.

Question 55

In 1900, only 11 divorces were granted due to the tremendous religious disapproval of marriage dissolution.

Question 56

In the early 1900s, divorce was granted only with proof of abandonment brought before the courts and then later finalized by an Act of Parliament.

Question 57

"The poor man's divorce" in the early 1900s meant that a woman had the ability to divorce her husband if he deserted the family.

Question 58

The Great War accelerated women's public involvement and resulted in their right to vote.

Question 59

The Canadian family of the 1950s typically had three to four children.

Question 60

Unemployment insurance became a reality in 1941, but it left most working men out of its provisions given that men could find jobs more easily than women.

Question 61

The second wave of immigrants to Canada took place in 1951, around the time of the revision of the Immigration Act.

Question 62

An abundance of medical and psychological experts in the 1960s helped to reduce threats to children's health.

Question 63

The hippie ethic of the 1960s challenged sexual taboos and embraced "open marriage" and communal living.

Question 64

A rising consumerism characterized the 1960s; however, families could still maintain a standard living on one income.

Question 65

The 1950s were seen as a brief glorious moment when family values permeated society and family relations were strong and wholesome. However, men had distant relationships with their young children as long commutes, long workdays, and the emphasis on a mother-centered home kept them vaguely sidelined in the self-enclosed nuclear family unity.

Question 66

Same-sex marriage became legal in Canada in 2005.

Question 67

The number of same-sex couples declined by 42 per cent between 2006 and 2016.

Question 68

In 2011, Indigenous children aged 14 and under were less likely than non-Indigenous children to live with married parents.

Question 69

Today, the male breadwinner family is now unequivocally the minority experience among Canadians of all classes.

Question 70

As the twenty-first century dawned, the average number of children per family declined to 1.7, while a new demographic phenomenon, the "childless by choice" union, made significant headway.
Short

Question 71

Queen Victoria's "cult of domesticity" emphasized separate spheres for men and women. What did this mean?

Question 72

What was meant by "chain migration" in Canada between 1896 and 1914?

Question 73

Discuss the conflict between education and the work of children in the late 1800s.

Question 74

What did the Social Gospel of the late nineteenth century espouse?

Question 75

Discuss the "open door" policy initiated by the Laurier government between 1896 and 1911.

Question 76

What did the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 entail?

Question 77

Discuss the problems associated with patrilineage in association with the Indian Act of 1876.

Question 78

What characterized the early 1900s as part of "Canada's Century" and the ideal childhood?

Question 79

Discuss why the "woman question" became a crisis in many households.

Question 80

What was the purpose of eugenics and how did it affect the family?