Question 1

Probable cause is defined as:&#10;A) Reasonable suspicion&#10;B) Mere suspicion&#10;C) Less than bare suspicion&#10;D) More than bare suspicion

Accepted Answer

Probable cause is a standard in law that means there is more evidence pointing towards something than not. It is a higher standard than mere suspicion or reasonable suspicion, indicating that there is a fair probability that a crime has been committed or that evidence of a crime can be found in the place to be searched.

Question 2

In which of the following situations is probable cause used?&#10;A) Arrests with a warrant and without a warrant&#10;B) Searches of items with and without a warrant&#10;C) In both of the above&#10;D) In none of the above

Accepted Answer

Probable cause is a standard used in both arrests (with or without a warrant) and searches (with or without a warrant), indicating that there is a reasonable basis to believe a crime has been committed or that evidence of a crime exists in the place to be searched.

Question 3

In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that the two-pronged test for probable cause established in previous cases was to be abandoned in favor of a &#34;totality of circumstances&#34; approach.&#10;A) Draper v. United States&#10;B) Devenpeck v. Alford&#10;C) Illinois v. Gates&#10;D) United States v. Sokolow

Accepted Answer

Illinois v. Gates (1983) is the case where the Supreme Court ruled that the two-pronged test for probable cause (established in Aguilar v. Texas and Spinelli v. United States) was to be abandoned in favor of a "totality of the circumstances" approach. This decision made it easier for law enforcement to obtain warrants by considering the overall situation rather than checking specific criteria.

Question 4

The ________ test for probable cause permits a balanced assessment of the relative weights of all the various indicia of reliability (and unreliability) attending an informant's tip.&#10;A) &#34;Reasonable&#34;&#10;B) &#34;Two-pronged&#34;&#10;C) &#34;Probable cause&#34;&#10;D) &#34;Totality of circumstances&#34;

Accepted Answer

The "totality of circumstances" test allows for a comprehensive evaluation of both the positive and negative aspects of an informant's tip to determine if there is probable cause. This approach considers all relevant factors rather than relying on a fixed set of criteria.

Question 5

The ________ test for probable cause encourages an excessively technical dissection of the tips of an informant.&#10;A) &#34;Reasonable&#34;&#10;B) &#34;Two-pronged&#34;&#10;C) &#34;Probable cause&#34;&#10;D) &#34;Totality of circumstances&#34;

Accepted Answer

The "Two-pronged" test, established in Aguilar v. Texas and Spinelli v. United States, required that the informant's reliability and the basis of the informant's knowledge be established, which led to a technical dissection of informant tips.

Question 6

Which case law gives officers some flexibility in determining the offense to be charged after an arrest?&#10;A) Devenpeck v. Alford&#10;B) Illinois v. Gates&#10;C) Weeks v. United States&#10;D) Mapp v. Ohio

Accepted Answer

Devenpeck v. Alford established that an officer's subjective reason for making an arrest need not be the criminal offense for which the suspect is eventually charged, as long as the arrest is supported by probable cause to believe that some offense has been committed.

Question 7

A person can be stopped and briefly detained by a police officer for investigative purposes if there is ________ of criminal activity.&#10;A) Mere suspicion&#10;B) Reasonable&#10;C) Some suspicion&#10;D) Independent evidence

Accepted Answer

Reasonable suspicion is the legal standard that allows police to briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if they have a reasonable basis to suspect the person is involved in criminal activity.

Question 8

In Draper v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that ________ evidence may be used by police to establish probable cause.&#10;A) Hearsay&#10;B) Illegally seized&#10;C) Curtailed&#10;D) Exculpatory

Accepted Answer

In Draper v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that hearsay evidence can be used by police to establish probable cause, recognizing that the practicalities of law enforcement sometimes require reliance on information from informants.

Question 9

A warrantless arrest is constitutional as long as ________ existed for any offense at the time of the arrest.&#10;A) Mere suspicion&#10;B) Reasonable suspicion&#10;C) Some suspicion&#10;D) Probable cause

Accepted Answer

Probable cause is the legal standard required for a warrantless arrest to be constitutional. It means that there is a reasonable basis to believe that a person has committed a crime.

Question 10

Under the two-pronged test, probable cause based on information obtained from an informant could only be established through:&#10;A) Reliability of the informant and reliability of the informant's information&#10;B) Reliability of the informant and reliability of the police officers involved in the case&#10;C) Reliability of the informant and reliability of the prosecutor&#10;D) Reliability of all parties involved in the case and judge's reliability

Accepted Answer

The two-pronged test for establishing probable cause based on an informant's information, as outlined in Aguilar v. Texas and later modified by Illinois v. Gates, requires demonstrating both the reliability of the informant and the reliability of the informant's information.

Question 11

Mere allegations of wrongdoing are sufficient to establish probable cause.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mere allegations of wrongdoing are sufficient to...

Question 12

Probable cause is subjective because its precise meaning may vary from one person to another.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Probable cause is subjective because its precise...

Question 13

The two-pronged independent test used to establish probable cause was replaced by the &#34;totality of circumstances&#34; test.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two-pronged independent test used to establish...

Question 14

Information from an informant that is corroborated by an officer is never sufficient to provide probable cause for an arrest.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Information from an informant that is corroborated...

Question 15

Evidence that may not be admissible in a trial may be used by the police to establish probable cause.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evidence that may not be admissible in...

Question 16

For arrests and searches with a warrant, the police officer has to prove probable cause after the warrant is issued.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For arrests and searches with a warrant,...

Deck 1: Probable Cause