Deck 15: Current Trends and Future Issues

Question 1

It has been argued that recidivism rates _______ a valid measure of accountability for the performance of correctional institutions today because _______. Select the option that makes this statement true when placed in the blanks:

A) Are, it makes no difference how long offenders are confined if they do not avoid crime upon release
B) Are, the courts have determined that institutions which do not effectively rehabilitate inmates may be in violation of constitutional rights
C) Are, recidivism is the only valid outcome measure of correctional practices
D) Are not, privatizing the management of correctional facilities has made profit-making a more valid measurement
E) Are not, correctional administrators have little influence on recidivism under the justice model

Answer 1

Are not, correctional administrators have little influence on recidivism under the justice model

Question 2

The process of submitting a correctional program, service, or facility to the scrutiny of outside review to determine whether nationally established minimum standards have been met describes:

A) Accreditation
B) Appellate review
C) Consent decrees
D) Privatization
E) Regionalization

Answer 2

Accreditation

Question 3

Agencies have been motivated to participate in the process described above because it:

A) Encourages self-improvement
B) Is a requirement in most states
C) Provides additional funding from the federal government
D) B and C
E) All of the above

Answer 3

Encourages self-improvement

Question 4

With regard to liability, agencies that have successfully participated in the process described above tend to find that they:

A) Are almost always fully protected against liability claims
B) Have reduced some of the litigation that results from unsafe, unsanitary, or unacceptable conditions
C) Have a strong asset in defending certain types of liability claims
D) Are still just as vulnerable as they ever were to the potential for liability lawsuits
E) B and C

Question 5

The private sector has influenced corrections historically through the:

A) Jail reform efforts of John Howard
B) Influence of the Quakers at the Walnut Street Jail
C) Work of John Augustus
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 6

In contrast to the piecemeal privatization efforts of the past, the major difference in terms of the meaning of privatization today is that it has expanded to include:

A) Contracts with the private sector to provide treatment, training, or counseling programs
B) Hiring private sector architects to design new facilities
C) Contracting with private construction companies to build new facilities
D) Using private citizens to make parole decisions
E) Contracting with private companies for the full operation of correctional facilities

Question 7

When a facility is privately managed:

A) Government is absolved of any liability claims by inmates
B) The private contractor is immune to any liability claims, since they can only be filed against government agencies
C) The private contractor could be held liable when inmates file civil suits
D) Government could be held liable when inmates file civil suits
E) C and D

Question 8

The primary benefits of privatizing facility management include:

A) More incentive to reduce waste
B) The existence of competition
C) The removal of government liability
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 9

The primary drawbacks of privatizing facility management include potential for:

A) Public opposition to involvement of the private sector
B) Taking shortcuts that could jeopardize safety
C) Providing fewer staff or services
D) B and C
E) All of the above

Question 10

Among the key explanations for why the U.S. prison population has grown so extensively in recent years is/are:

A) The shift from the justice model to the concept of restorative justice
B) Public attitudes changing from conservative to liberal
C) Public policies concerning drug-related crime
D) The highest rate of immigration into American cities that has ever occurred
E) All of the above

Question 11

Among the mistakes made during transition to the justice model that could be avoided in the future was lack of:

A) Sufficient planning with regard to policy impact
B) Adequate resources for implementation
C) Support among legislators and politicians
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 12

Because of the need to do more with less, efficiency and cost-effectiveness are expected to continue to be important in corrections. Examples of this include:

A) Using electronic scanning devices to record inmate movement
B) Employing the professional approach to entry-level training
C) Implementing caseload classification
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 13

Evidence-based decision-making means basing correctional decisions on:

A) Physical evidence collected from crime scenes
B) DNA evidence
C) Evidentiary procedures conducted in criminal courts
D) Evaluation research findings
E) All of the above

Question 14

The greatest difficulty with the implementation of intermediate sanctions is that:

A) The courts are reluctant to utilize such sanctions as sentencing alternatives to prison or jail time
B) Justice agencies do not always have the capacity to implement them as prescribed by the courts
C) They are advocated by conservatives whose views are not politically popular
D) They are not in agreement with currently popular restorative justice principles
E) Most criminal justice decision-makers oppose them

Question 15

Restorative justice is becoming a popular approach because, in contrast to retributive justice, it:

A) Holds juveniles responsible for their serious criminal behavior, regardless of their age
B) Restores a sense of "just deserts" by advocating punishment based on the seriousness of the crime
C) Involves the victim, community, and offender in the justice process
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 16

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-Crime is defined as a violation of one person by another, rather than as a violation against the state.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 17

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-The focus is on establishing blame for past behavior.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 18

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-It is based on adversarial relationships.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 19

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-Reconciliation and restitution are used to rejuvenate both parties.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 20

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-Emphasis is on imposing pain to punish the offender and deter future crime.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 21

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-The victim is largely ignored, and the offender is a passive participant in state-initiated proceedings.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 22

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-Accountability of offenders is defined as understanding the impact of their actions and helping to make things right.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 23

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-The community is on the sideline, represented abstractly by the state.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 24

Identify the following statements as reflecting:

-Response is focused on rectifying the harmful consequences of the offender's behavior.

A) Restorative justice
B) Retributive justice

Question 25

Trends today indicate that emphasis in correctional treatment is toward:

A) Voluntary participation
B) Mandated participation
C) Developing employment skills
D) A and C
E) B and C

Question 26

Research indicates that correctional treatment is more effective if it is:

A) Voluntary
B) Based on positive reinforcement
C) Based on firm punishment
D) A and B
E) A and C

Question 27

Correctional accreditation has been mandated by the courts.

Question 28

Being accredited enables a correctional facility to avoid liability lawsuits.

Question 29

Influence of the private sector on corrections is not new, since corrections has a long history of involvement by religious and charitable organizations.

Question 30

Privately operated correctional facilities are immune from liability lawsuits, since it is only government that inmates can sue.

Question 31

Research has shown that privately operated correctional facilities are unequivocally less expensive without sacrificing in terms of services or staffing.

Question 32

The concept of restorative justice primarily means restoring the due process rights of juvenile offenders.

Question 33

Correctional treatment today is becoming more pragmatically oriented, especially in terms of risk reduction.

Question 34

The types of correctional treatment programs that seem to work best are more likely to use negative rather than positive reinforcement.

Question 35

Ground-penetrating radar can enable correctional officials to detect underground escape tunnels.

Question 36

One of the drawbacks of new technological devices is their dehumanizing effect.

Question 37

In order to accommodate demands of the twenty-first century, corrections is more likely to need leaders than managers.

Question 38

To meet future challenges, it will be necessary for correctional administrators to:

A) Become leaders rather than managers
B) Cope with staffing and funding shortages
C) Reduce employee involvement in decision-making
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 39

Meeting correctional challenges of the future will require strong:

A) Organizational rules and regulations
B) Centralized managerial authority
C) Organizational hierarchy
D) Organizational leadership
E) A and B

Question 40

Among the key explanations for why the U.S. prison population has grown so extensively in recent years is/are:

A)The shift from the justice model to the concept of restorative justice
B)Public attitudes changing from conservative to liberal
C)Public policies concerning drug-related crime
D)The highest rate of immigration into American cities that has ever occurred
E)All of the above

Question 41

Among the mistakes made during transition to the justice model that could be avoided in the future was/were lack of:

A)Sufficient planning with regard to policy impact
B)Adequate resources for implementation
C)Support among legislators and politicians
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 42

Because of the need to do more with less, efficiency and cost-effectiveness are expected to continue to be important in corrections. Examples of this include:

A)Using electronic scanning devices to record inmate movement
B)Employing the professional approach to entry-level training
C)Implementing caseload classification
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 43

Evidence-based decision-making means basing correctional decisions on:

A)Physical evidence collected from crime scenes
B)DNA evidence
C)Evidentiary procedures conducted in criminal courts
D)Evaluation research findings
E)All of the above

Question 44

The greatest difficulty with the implementation of intermediate sanctions is that:

A)The courts are reluctant to utilize such sanctions as sentencing alternatives to prison or jail time
B)Justice agencies do not always have the capacity to implement them as prescribed by the courts
C)They are advocated by conservatives whose views are not politically popular
D)They are not in agreement with currently-popular restorative justice principles
E)Most criminal justice decision-makers oppose them

Question 45

Restorative justice is becoming a popular approach because, in contrast to retributive justice, it:

A)Holds juveniles responsible for their serious criminal behavior, regardless of their age
B)Restores a sense of "just deserts" by advocating punishment based on the seriousness of the crime
C)Involves the victim, community, and offender in the justice process
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 46

Crime is defined as a violation of one person by another, rather than as a violation against the state. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 47

The focus is on establishing blame for past behavior. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 48

Is based on adversarial relationships. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 49

Reconciliation and restitution are used to rejuvenate both parties. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 50

Emphasis is on imposing pain to punish the offender and deter future crime. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 51

The victim is largely ignored, and the offender is a passive participant in state-initiated proceedings. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 52

Accountability of offenders is defined as understanding the impact of their actions and helping to make things right. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 53

The community is on the sideline, represented abstractly by the state. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 54

Response is focused on rectifying the harmful consequences of the offender's behavior. This statement reflects:

A)Restorative justice
B)Retributive justice

Question 55

Trends today indicate that emphasis in correctional treatment is toward:

A)Voluntary participation
B)Mandated participation
C)Developing employment skills
D)A and C
E)B and C

Question 56

Research indicates that correctional treatment is more effective if it is:

A)Voluntary
B)Based on positive reinforcement
C)Based on firm punishment
D)A and B
E)A and C

Question 57

The drawback/s of privatizing facility management include/s potential for:

A)Public opposition to involvement of the private sector
B)Taking shortcuts that could jeopardize safety
C)Providing fewer staff or services
D)B and C
E)All of the above

Question 58

The benefit/s of privatizing facility management include/s:

A)More incentive to reduce waste
B)The existence of competition
C)The removal of government liability
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 59

When a facility is privately managed:

A)Government is absolved of any liability claims by inmates
B)The private contractor is immune to any liability claims, since they can only be filed against government agencies
C)The private contractor could be held liable when inmates file civil suits
D)Government could be held liable when inmates file civil suits
E)C and D

Question 60

Being accredited enables a correctional facility to avoid liability lawsuits.

Question 61

Influence of the private sector on corrections is not new, since corrections has a long history of involvement by religious and charitable organizations.

Question 62

Privately-operated correctional facilities are immune from liability lawsuits, since it is only government that inmates can sue.

Question 63

Research has shown that privately-operated correctional facilities are unequivocally less expensive without sacrificing in terms of services or staffing.

Question 64

Correctional treatment today is becoming more pragmatically oriented, especially in terms of risk reduction.

Question 65

The types of correctional treatment programs that seem to work best are more likely to use negative rather than positive reinforcement.

Question 66

One of the drawbacks of new technological devices is their dehumanizing effect.

Question 67

In order to accommodate demands of the twenty-first century, corrections is more likely to need leaders than managers.

Question 68

Meeting correctional challenges of the future will require strong:

A)Organizational rules and regulations
B)Centralized managerial authority
C)Organizational hierarchy
D)Organizational leadership
E)A and B

Question 69

It has been argued that recidivism rates _______ a valid measure of accountability for the performance of correctional institutions today because _________. Select the option that makes this statement true when placed in the blanks:

A)Are...........It makes no difference how long offenders are confined if they do not avoid crime upon release
B)Are............The courts have determined that institutions which do not effectively rehabilitate inmates may be in violation of Constitutional rights
C)Are............Recidivism is the only valid outcome measure of correctional practices
D)Are not......Privatizing the management of correctional facilities has made profit-making a more valid measurement
E)Are not......Correctional administrators have little influence on recidivism under the justice model

Question 70

The process of submitting a correctional program, service, or facility to the scrutiny of outside review to determine whether nationally-established minimum standards have been met describes:

A)Accreditation
B)Appellate review
C)Consent decrees
D)Privatization
E)Regionalization

Question 71

Agencies have been motivated to participate in the process described above because it:

A)Encourages self-improvement
B)Is a requirement in most states
C)Provides additional funding from the federal government
D)B and C
E)All of the above

Question 72

With regard to liability, agencies that have successfully participated in the process described above tend to find that they:

A)Are almost always fully protected against liability claims
B)Have reduced some of the litigation that results from unsafe, unsanitary, or unacceptable conditions
C)Have a strong asset in defending certain types of liability claims
D)Are still just as vulnerable as they ever were to the potential for liability lawsuits
E)B and C

Question 73

The private sector has influenced corrections historically through the:

A)Jail reform efforts of John Howard
B)Influence of the Quakers at the Walnut Street Jail
C)Work of John Augustus
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 74

In contrast to the piecemeal privatization efforts of the past, the major difference in terms of the meaning of privatization today is that it has expanded to include:

A)Contracts with the private sector to provide treatment, training, or counseling programs
B)Hiring private sector architects to design new facilities
C)Contracting with private construction companies to build new facilities
D)Using private citizens to make parole decisions
E)Contracting with private companies for the full operation of correctional facilities

Question 75

To meet future challenges, it will be necessary for correctional administrators to:

A)Become leaders rather than managers
B)Cope with staffing and funding shortages
C)Reduce employee involvement in decision-making
D)A and B
E)All of the above