Deck 24: Major Ideas

Question 1

Of the basic parts of the atom, which one weighs the most in atomic mass units (amu)?

A)Proton
B)Neutron
C)Electron
D)Protons and neutrons both weigh about the same, and more than electrons.
E)Protons and electrons both weigh about the same, and more than neutrons.

Answer 1

Protons and neutrons both weigh about the same, and more than electrons.

Question 2

Alex is performing a double displacement reaction. In this type of reaction:

A)A single reactant becomes a single product.
B)A single reactant becomes two products.
C)Two reactants become two products.
D)Two reactants become a single product.
E)None of the above.

Answer 2

Two reactants become two products.

Question 3

The element bromine (Br) has a valence shell configuration of 1s² 2s² p⁶ 3s² p⁶ d¹⁰ 4s² p⁵ , which means that it needs how many electrons to complete its valence shell?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Answer 3

1

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions that are used in the ideal gas law?

A)Gas molecules have no volume.
B)Gas molecules have no mass.
C)Gas molecules exert no forces other than repulsive collision forces.
D)Gas molecules make completely elastic collisions.
E)The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.

Question 5

If a force is applied to a gas such that its volume is reduced by one half, which of the following would occur?

A)The pressure would increase by a factor of four.
B)The temperature would not change.
C)The temperature would increase.
D)The pressure would decrease by a factor of 2.
E)The temperature and pressure would both increase.

Question 6

In many reactions, there is something called an activation energy. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of activation energy?

A)An energy state that must be reached before a reaction can begin.
B)The amount of energy produced by the reaction.
C)The amount of energy required to split apart a molecule in the reaction.
D)The energy state of the products in the reaction.
E)The combined energy total of the reactants and the products.

Question 7

What are the only ways to transfer energy between two systems? Note: These are the two most basic forms of energy.

A)Heat and power
B)Light and fire
C)Work and conduction
D)Heat and work
E)Force and joules

Question 8

Mark has devised a marvelous machine that he calls the MechaMark II. It's an engine that takes lukewarm pond or river water, converts the heat contained inside into energy, and uses that energy to cook food! This is too good to be true, because of:

A)The law of conservation of mass.
B)The 3rd law of thermodynamics.
C)The 2nd law of thermodynamics.
D)The 1st law of thermodynamics.
E)The cyclic engine theory,

Question 9

Due to the laws of thermodynamics, engines cannot be 100% efficient. In fact, modern gasoline engines have only an efficiency of between 25-30%, which means that 70% of the fuel energy is lost. What does this energy become?

A)Heat
B)Work
C)Tremors
D)Force
E)Wattage

Question 10

Internal energy is different from external energy, in that it is contained within the molecule or atom. Which of the following is not an example of internal energy?

A)Rotational
B)Vibrational
C)Intermolecular potential
D)Translational
E)Radiative

Question 11

Which of the following is not a measure of temperature?

A)Rankine
B)Kelvin
C)Thermo
D)Celsius
E)Fahrenheit

Question 12

Which of the following materials is expected to have the highest heat capacity?

A)Steel
B)Air
C)Water
D)Oil
E)Copper

Question 13

Alice is making a sugar solution to feed her hummingbirds. To make this, she puts 100g of sugar into 1 liter of water. In this mixture, the water is the:

A)Solute.
B)Solvent.
C)Mixer.
D)Diluter.
E)Solution.

Question 14

Which of the following should be true of a properly done scientific experiment?

A)It will always yield the right answer.
B)The results will fit the hypothesis.
C)The experiment can be done by a 10-year-old.
D)The experiment can be repeated with the same result.
E)The results will not have to be assessed with statistics.

Question 15

The scientific method contains many different steps. Which of the following is not one of these steps?

A)Observation
B)Hypothesis
C)Creating a theory
D)Opinion
E)Performing experiments

Question 16

A theory is based on:

A)A correlation of known facts.
B)A guess.
C)The observation of an experiment.
D)A natural phenomenon.
E)None of the above.

Question 17

Jim wants to measure out 950 mL of water to make a solution. Which of the following should he use?

A)Erlenmeyer flask
B)Graduated cylinder
C)1L volumetric flask
D)Glass bottle
E)His hands

Question 18

Charlie collected data on the heights of trees in a park near his home, and found that the average height was 9.2 meters, with a standard deviation of 1.3 meters. This means that:

A)About 65% of the trees are less than 10.5 meters in height.
B)About 95% of the trees are less than 10.5 meters in height.
C)Most of the trees are taller than 9.5 meters.
D)The data was not very good, and some trees are shorter than 9.2 meters.
E)About 10% of the trees are shorter than 9.2 meters.

Question 19

Which of the following substances would likely be the least soluble in water, which is a polar solvent?

A)NaCl
B)NH?+
C)CCl4
D)HSO?-
E)Mg2+

Question 20

The vapor pressure at the surface of boiling water is equal to:

A)The temperature of the water.
B)10 atmospheres.
C)1 atmosphere.
D)A percentage of the molarity of the water.
E)The heat of vaporization of the water.

Question 21

Max mixes 2 moles of MgCl₂ into 1 liter of water and it completely dissolves. What is the molality of this solution?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 22

If the heat of reaction for a given chemical reactions is positive, then what does this mean?

A)The reaction requires energy to take place.
B)The reaction produces energy.
C)The reaction has positive activation energy.
D)The reaction has negative activation energy.
E)The reaction is not possible.

Question 23

Water normally boils at 100°C at atmospheric pressure. If the pressure is increased to 2 atmospheres, then what is a good approximation of the new boiling point of water?

A)It will stay the same.
B)It will decrease slightly.
C)It will increase slightly.
D)It will decrease a lot.
E)It will increase a lot.

Question 24

Alex wants to make some really hot tea. 100 °C just isn't hot enough for him, and he's trying to find out a way to make water boil at a higher temperature. What can he do?

A)Turn up the stove really high.
B)Use a fan to blow away the steam vapor as it boils to make the water hotter.
C)Add some ice to the water before boiling.
D)Add some salt to the water.
E)Boil the water in a better-conducting pot.

Question 25

Which of the following is true at the triple point in the phase diagram of a compound?

A)It is the point at which the gas phase of the compound has triple its normal volume.
B)It is the point at which the compound is a solid, liquid, and a gas.
C)It is the point at which the compound turns into plasma.
D)It is the point at which the compound is able to sublimate from solid to gas.
E)None of the above are true.

Question 26

According to the Arrhenius definition of an acid, an acid is:

A)Anything capable of reducing pH in solution.
B)Anything capable of producing hydrogen ions.
C)Anything capable of donating electrons.
D)A substance that tastes sour.
E)None of the above

Question 27

Alex needs to use some strong acid to clean up a strong base spill that occurred in the lab. Which of the following acids is not a strong acid and should not be used?

A)Nitric acid
B)Hydrochloric acid
C)Sulfuric acid
D)Acetic acid
E)Chloric acid

Question 28

Which of the following is a true statement regarding properties that affect acid strength?

A)The more polar the acid bond is, the stronger the acid is.
B)The stronger the acid bond is, the stronger the acid is.
C)All strong acids should be hydrophobic in nature.
D)The less polar the acid bond is, the weaker the acid is.
E)The weaker the acid bond is, the stronger the acid is.

Question 29

Of the following gases, which is the most likely to be the closest to a true ideal gas? Note that a perfectly ideal gas does not exist, but many gases come close.

A)Hydrogen gas at 0.1 atmospheres and 400 K.
B)Chlorine gas at 10 atmospheres and 250 K.
C)A mixture of water vapor and air at 1 atmosphere and 323 K.
D)Air (a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) at 5 atmospheres and 273 K.
E)All of the above are very nearly ideal gases.

Question 30

Richard is testing out the force generated by a coil of wire that holds an electric current when it is immersed in a magnetic field. He would like to find out which direction the coil of wire will move when the magnetic field begins. What rule or law could he use to find this out?

A)Right-hand rule
B)Vector rule
C)Left-hand rule
D)Kirchoff's Law
E)Romanov's Law

Question 31

Out of the following, the most electronegative element is:

A)Fe (Iron).
B)Ge (Germanium).
C)Be (Beryllium).
D)Cl (Chlorine).
E)Pb (Lead).

Question 32

Alex is calculating the possible path of a baseball after it is hit, but he is doing the vector math all wrong! Which of the following rules is not correct, and could be the one Alex is using incorrectly?

A)Two vectors can be added together.
B)Two vectors can be multiplied together.
C)A vector and a scalar can be multiplied together.
D)A vector can be subtracted from another vector.
E)A vector and a scalar cannot be subtracted from one another.

Question 33

If a 1-liter flask of water is saturated with salt (NaCl), then this means that:

A)The solution is 1 molar.
B)No more salt can be dissolved in the solution.
C)The solution is fully precipitated.
D)The water has fully reacted with the salt.
E)The solution can no longer hold any other solutes.

Question 34

If a particular element has a half-life of 25 years, how long will it take to reach less than 1% of its original concentration?

A)175 years
B)250 years
C)50 years
D)25 years
E)500 years

Question 35

Which of the following statements about radioactivity is not true?

A)The number of radioactive particles in a sample is directly proportional to the activity of that sample.
B)If the half-life of a sample is 10 years, then after 20 years only 25% of the sample will remain.
C)Over time, the radioactivity of a sample will increase.
D)Alpha, beta, and gamma are the three main types of radioactive decay.
E)All of the above are true.

Question 36

If the pH of an acid is 1.5, then what is the pOH of its conjugate base?

A)12.5
B)1)5
C)7
D)10.5
E)14

Question 37

Matt is very tall, and stands at 1.9 meters in height. How tall is Matt in feet?

A)5 feet, 7 inches
B)6 feet, 7 inches
C)1 foot, 9 inches
D)6 feet, 3 inches
E)5 feet, 4 inches

Question 38

Which of the following is exchanged in an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A)Bond structure
B)Hydrogen ions
C)Electrons
D)Protons
E)Both electrons and protons are exchanged

Question 39

Even when the surrounding air is very warm, metal objects usually stay quite cool to the touch. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? I. A high heat capacity
II) Low heat transfer rate between metal and air
III) Low electric conductance of metals

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II
E)II and III

Question 40

Sometimes, the nucleus of an atom can be split, resulting in two smaller nuclei with smaller weights, and a corresponding release of energy. This is called:

A)Fusion.
B)Fission.
C)Explosion.
D)Combination.
E)Reaction.

Question 41

Which of the following is true about fusion?

A)The reaction occurs in the sun.
B)A small amount of energy is released when fusion occurs.
C)Fusion is used to power everyday homes.
D)After the fusion process, two smaller nuclei are formed from the original reactants.
E)All of the above are true.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a rule when calculating the significant figures in a number?

A)All zeroes are always significant.
B)All non-zero numbers are significant.
C)Zeroes written to the left of a decimal point are significant.
D)Zeroes located between non zero numbers are significant.
E)Zeroes at the end of a number are significant.

Question 43

Charlie is calculating the average test scores for his class. The students are graded from 1-100, in whole numbers. If Charlie averages all the numbers, how many significant figures should his answer have?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 44

Charles is trying to move a heavy boulder up a hill, but is having some trouble. Sam tells him that rolling it up the hill will be much easier than lifting it. This is because:

A)Rolling and lifting the boulder involve the same amount of work.
B)The boulder transfers a lot of force to Charlie as he lifts it.
C)Less work is done when rolling the boulder.
D)Less power is needed to roll a boulder compared to lifting it.
E)Lifting the boulder requires muscles, but rolling it does not.

Question 45

The term light year is often used in physics to represent:

A)Distance.
B)Force.
C)Power.
D)Time.
E)Heat.

Question 46

During the process of radioactivity, small particles are emitted from the atom or molecule in question. Which of the following types of particles can be emitted during radiation? I. Electrons
II) Neutrons
III) Photon

A)I only
B)II only
C)I and III
D)II and III
E)I and II

Question 47

A new gas has been found that has a volume of 22.4 liters at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Which of the following is needed to determine the molecular weight of this gas?

A)The density of the gas
B)The ideal gas constant
C)The exact temperature
D)The polarity of the gas
E)We do not have enough information to determine the molecular weight of the gas.

Question 48

Which of the following metals is not an element?

A)Copper
B)Iron
C)Germanium
D)Steel
E)Titanium

Question 49

Which of the following type of bond is the strongest?

A)Covalent
B)Van der Waals
C)London dispersion force
D)Hydrogen
E)Sulfide

Question 50

Statistics are often used to determine whether or not an experiment provides enough accuracy to believe the results beyond a reasonable doubt. What confidence level is typically needed for a science experimental result to be considered valid?

A)75%
B)80%
C)85%
D)90%
E)95%

Question 51

Which of the following actions does not involve work being done on an object?

A)A person lifting a suitcase.
B)A soccer ball flying through the air.
C)A forklift moving a stack of boxes.
D)A person running.
E)A person pushing on a gas pedal.

Question 52

An elastic collision is best defined as what?

A)When kinetic energy is conserved before and after the collision.
B)The two colliding bodies have conserved momentum, and stick together at the collision point.
C)Potential energy is conserved before and after the collision.
D)Sound or heat is generated during the collision.
E)The colliding bodies are stretchy in nature and conserve their momentum.

Question 53

John is learning chemistry for the first time, and he is told by his teacher that water is not in a "perma-cool" state, but rather a solid state. Which of the following is also not a state of matter?

A)Liquid
B)Gas
C)Plasma
D)Fixed
E)All of the above are states of matter.

Question 54

John is now trying out his first chemistry experiment. He is given a sample of phosphorus, which is a solid at room temperature. John slowly heats the phosphorus from room temperature to 200°C. Which of the following will likely occur during this experiment?

A)The phosphorus will freeze.
B)The phosphorus will sublimate.
C)The phosphorus will catch on fire.
D)The phosphorus will break down in magnesium oxide and sodium chloride.
E)The phosphorus will turn into a liquid.

Question 55

Water, and many other molecules, exhibit a type of bond called hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is caused by:

A)A covalent interaction between two molecules.
B)A bond between two hydrogen atoms.
C)An attractive interaction between two polar molecules.
D)A gravitational interaction between molecules with large nuclei.
E)A bond formed between a carbon and a hydrogen.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a metric unit of measurement?

A)Meter
B)Kilogram
C)Newton
D)Mole
E)Gallon

Question 57

Which of the following is an allotrope of carbon?

A)High carbon steel
B)Graphite
C)Plastic
D)Oil
E)Hexane

Question 58

Alexi is performing a chemical reaction in a solution of water, seen below: MgCl₂(aq) + PbSO?(aq) <-> MgSO?(aq) + PbCl₂(s)
Alexi finds that PbCl₂, lead chloride, is not soluble in water, and that the equation above is written incorrectly. Why is the equation not correct?

A)The reaction is not reversible.
B)One of the products should be Mg2SO?.
C)Lead chloride should be aqueous in solution.
D)Magnesium chloride and lead sulfate are both solids.
E)The equation is actually correct.

Question 59

Which of the following is not a positively charged ion in its natural state?

A)Silver
B)Sodium
C)Lithium
D)Oxygen
E)Iron

Question 60

The periodic table is a very handy tool, and can be used to predict the properties of the different elements. Which of these rules is not a general rule that can be used to predict properties of elements from the periodic table?

A)Atomic radius increases from top to bottom.
B)Reactivity of elements decreases from left to right.
C)Electronegativity increases from left to right, with the exception of the noble gases.
D)Atom radius decreases from left to right.
E)All of the above are general rules.

Question 61

Which of the following best describes a decomposition reaction?

A)A reaction in which the oxidation state of one species changes.
B)A reaction in which a solid product is formed.
C)A reaction in which a gaseous product is formed.
D)A reaction in which a molecule is reduced to its individual elements.
E)A reaction in which two reactants become a single product.

Question 62

Stuart is designing a cool shield that will stop bullets. However, Alice, his friend, tells him it won't work, because his shield design can't possibly remove all the energy from the bullets. What base law of physics is Stuart likely violating?

A)The conservation of mass.
B)The conservation of forward momentum.
C)The Herbert-Kisch Law.
D)The Ian-Dietrich-Killen Law.
E)The conservation of energy.

Question 63

The two primary types of chemical compounds are ionic compounds, with ionic bonds, and covalent compounds, with covalent bonds. Ionic compounds would likely be soluble in:

A)Water.
B)Oil.
C)Gasoline.
D)Hexane.
E)Carbon Tetrachloride,

Question 64

Elements, or single atoms, are built out of:

A)Protons, kleptons, and quarks.
B)Muons, neutrinos, and electrons.
C)Electrons, protons, and neutrons.
D)Neutrons, protons, and flavons.
E)Croutons, electrons, and protons.

Question 65

The VSEPR orbital structure of methane, CH?, is which of the following?

A)Trigonal planar
B)Tetrahedral
C)Bipyramidal
D)Octahedral
E)Linear