Deck 27: (AP) Government Civics, Foreign Service Officer Test Fsot

Question 1

A witness' refusal to answer whether or not he is a Communist on the ground that his answer would tend to incriminate him is the most positive proof obtainable that the witness is a Communist. - Senator Joseph McCarthy, 1953
In the quote above, Joseph McCarthy seems to ignore constitutional rights granted by the:

A)First Amendment
B)Second Amendment
C)Fourth Amendment
D)Fifth Amendment

Answer 1

D

Question 2

People who claim that lobbying is a positive force in American politics often argue that lobbyists play an important role by

A)supplying members of Congress with information and helping to draft legislation
B)giving Supreme Court justices information they need to make decisions in difficult cases
C)giving everybody equal power in the political process
D)limiting access to public officials

Answer 2

supplying members of Congress with information and helping to draft legislation

Question 3

In recent years, United States policy toward China has been confused. China is the world's most populous country and a major military power, and has become an increasingly valuable trading partner. It has been the view of Presidents, therefore, that it is in the United States interest to remain on good terms with the Beijing government. However, the human rights situation in China shows few signs of improving. In addition, the end of the Cold War has made the political logic of a close relationship with China less compelling. The trade relationship has been, to put it mildly, strained. The Chinese leadership has not responded to quiet diplomacy. It is, therefore, time to reconsider our relationship and break off diplomatic relations with China. - The Madison Daily News
The editorial argues that the end of the Cold War has made "the political logic" of our relationship with China less compelling. The editorial is probably referring to the fact that:

A)we no longer need China as an ally to combat Soviet influence
B)the United States should avoid entering into permanent alliances now that the Cold War is over
C)we have few allies in the world who can be trusted consistently
D)alliances can now be forged solely on the basis of shared economic interests

Answer 3

we no longer need China as an ally to combat Soviet influence

Question 4

"For years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors, and vice versa. The difference did not exist."-Charles E. Wilson, 1953"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence-economic, political, even spiritual-is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government . . . . We must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex." - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961
Taken together, the two quotations show a disagreement over the role of:

A)government in regulating the economy
B)major private companies in American society
C)the automotive industry in the economy
D)the military in society

Question 5

The Second World War marked the most substantial change ever in the context in which United States foreign policy is made. The world that emerged after the war had fundamentally changed in economic, political, and military ways. These changes made the world a more dangerous place, and altered the demands placed on foreign policy. What major political change at the end of the Second World War had the greatest effect on United States foreign policy?

A)The emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower
B)The emergence of China as a superpower
C)The emergence of the United Nations
D)The development of Japanese economic power

Question 6

The Second World War marked the most substantial change ever in the context in which United States foreign policy is made. The world that emerged after the war had fundamentally changed in economic, political, and military ways. These changes made the world a more dangerous place, and altered the demands placed on foreign policy. As a result of the Second World War, international politics changed from a system:

A)in which ideology played a role in international conflicts to one in which only economic interest played a role
B)in which there were several major powers to one that was dominated by two powers
C)dominated by international organizations like the League of Nations to one in which individual countries followed only their own interests
D)dominated by two powers to one in which a number of major players had relatively equal status

Question 7

The War Powers Act of 1973 was an attempt by Congress to increase its authority over the use of military force. The provisions of this act include the following. The President must report to Congress within 48 hours after sending troops to an area where hostilities are imminent. Within 60 days after troops are sent, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of the United States military presence.If Congress fails to provide such authorization, the President must withdraw the troops. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution (which the President may not veto) directing the removal of United States troops, the President must comply. Congress has found it difficult to try to use the War Powers Act to force Presidents to remove troops from combat situations because:

A)Presidents and members of Congress are usually from the same party
B)it can be politically dangerous not to show support for troops in the field
C)the American public tends to be highly supportive of United States involvement in long-term military operations, including peacekeeping operations
D)Congress has no effective means of influencing the military

Question 8

Johnson was convicted of flag desecration for burning the flag rather than for uttering insulting words. If there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that the Government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable. . . . We do not consecrate the flag by punishing its desecration, for in doing so we dilute the freedom that this cherished emblem represents. - Justice Brennan, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
Uncritical extension of constitutional protection to the burning of the flag risks the frustration of the very purpose for which organized governments are instituted. . . . The flag is not simply another "idea" or "point of view" competing for recognition in the marketplace of ideas. . . . I cannot agree that the First Amendment invalidates the. . . laws which make criminal the public burning of the flag.
- Justice Rehnquist, dissenting opinion
Which of the following best paraphrases Justice Brennan's argument?

A)Citizens may express themselves in any manner they feel is justified and be protected by the First Amendment.
B)The Court should deal with First Amendment issues on a case-by-case basis.
C)It is constitutional to ban the uttering of insulting words, but not to ban flag burning.
D)In our constitutional democracy, we may not limit the expression of ideas with which the majority disagrees.

Question 9

In recent years, a United States President and a Japanese Prime Minister would most likely have argued over which issue?

A)Japan's wish to enter the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
B)Japan's development of nuclear weapons
C)America's desire to have greater access to Japanese markets
D)America's discrimination toward Japanese nationals

Question 10

Michigan governor John Engler is pursuing changes in welfare policy that are pleasing the Clinton administration more than his Republican allies on Capitol Hill. The Democrats' unlikely and somewhat unwilling hero announced an ambitious pilot project . . . that seeks to cut welfare costs by providing generous social services so that poor people can go to work. Democrats call his plan enlightened. Republicans have been caught off guard. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Democrat of New York, . . . praised Mr. Engler for breaking with congressional Republicans by using child care and transportation subsidies and fashioning a more active role for social workers in an effort to turn welfare recipients into workers. - The New York Times, January 22, 1996
In what way does the article show one of the strengths of federalism?

A)People will receive the same level of income support no matter where they live.
B)States may serve as sites for experimentation with new public policies.
C)The national government can force other states to follow Governor Engler's lead.
D)The federal government may prevent Michigan from treating its citizens unfairly.

Question 11

The statute necessarily interferes with the right of contract between the employer and employees.... The general right to make a contract...is part of the liberty of the individual protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.... Under that provision, no State can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The right to purchase or sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this amendment.... - Justice Peckham, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
It is plain that this statute was enacted in order to protect the physical well-being of those who work in bakeries.... The statute must be taken as expressing the belief of the people of New York that, as a general rule, labor in excess of sixty hours a week...may endanger the health of those who thus labor.... Our duty, I submit, is to sustain the statute as not being in conflict with the Federal Constitution.
- Justice Harlan, in his dissenting opinion
What was the effect of the Supreme Court decision in the case of Lochner v. New York?

A)The power to regulate working hours and conditions was given to the courts.
B)The federal government alone could interfere with the right to make contracts.
C)The law limiting the number of hours people could work was allowed to stand.
D)The law limiting the number of hours people could work was ruled unconstitutional.

Question 12

The statute necessarily interferes with the right of contract between the employer and employees.... The general right to make a contract...is part of the liberty of the individual protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.... Under that provision, no State can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The right to purchase or sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this amendment.... - Justice Peckham, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
It is plain that this statute was enacted in order to protect the physical well-being of those who work in bakeries.... The statute must be taken as expressing the belief of the people of New York that, as a general rule, labor in excess of sixty hours a week...may endanger the health of those who thus labor.... Our duty, I submit, is to sustain the statute as not being in conflict with the Federal Constitution.
- Justice Harlan, in his dissenting opinion
Which of the following arguments supports the majority decision?

A)The law should be applied to all people equally, without regard to race, creed, or color.
B)Government should play as small a role as possible in civil society and the economy.
C)The Supreme Court should never overturn state laws, since these tend to reflect the will of the majority.
D)There are times when the government will know what is best for individuals, even though the individuals may not agree.

Question 13

The statute necessarily interferes with the right of contract between the employer and employees.... The general right to make a contract...is part of the liberty of the individual protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.... Under that provision, no State can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The right to purchase or sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this amendment.... - Justice Peckham, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
It is plain that this statute was enacted in order to protect the physical well-being of those who work in bakeries.... The statute must be taken as expressing the belief of the people of New York that, as a general rule, labor in excess of sixty hours a week...may endanger the health of those who thus labor.... Our duty, I submit, is to sustain the statute as not being in conflict with the Federal Constitution.
- Justice Harlan, in his dissenting opinion
Which of the following is the best way to summarize the difference between the two opinions?

A)Peckham argues for judicial activism to limit government power; Harlan argues for judicial restraint, but for a more active role by government.
B)Peckham argues that legislatures have a role to play in civil society; Harlan argues that such a role should be reserved only for the courts.
C)Peckham emphasizes the power of the states; Harlan emphasizes the power of the federal government.
D)Peckham emphasizes the power of the legislatures; Harlan emphasizes the power of the courts.

Question 14

Most democratic countries elect legislatures through one of two types of electoral systems: single-member district or proportional representation. In single-member district systems, citizens in specific areas vote for candidates who represent their districts. In proportional representation systems, citizens in the country vote for political parties. Parties are then awarded seats in the legislature proportionate to the percentage of the vote they have won. In other words, if a party wins 20 percent of the vote, it receives 20 percent of the seats in the legislature. Which of the following is the best argument that a proportional representation system is better than a single-member district system?

A)In proportional representation systems, elected representatives will be more likely to actively defend the interests of the regions they were elected to represent.
B)In proportional representation systems, the balance of power in the legislature is more representative of the popular vote.
C)Proportional representation systems tend to be less bureaucratic.
D)Proportional representation systems are more likely to promote strong majorities in legislatures.

Question 15

Most democratic countries elect legislatures through one of two types of electoral systems: single-member district or proportional representation. In single-member district systems, citizens in specific areas vote for candidates who represent their districts. In proportional representation systems, citizens in the country vote for political parties. Parties are then awarded seats in the legislature proportionate to the percentage of the vote they have won. In other words, if a party wins 20 percent of the vote, it receives 20 percent of the seats in the legislature. Which of the following is the best argument that a single-member district system is better than a proportional representation system?

A)Voters should make choices about individual candidates, as they do in single-member district systems, rather than simply vote for a party.
B)Single-member district systems lead to stronger political parties, which are good for democracy.
C)Single-member district systems are better at representing the interests of minorities.
D)Voters will make wiser choices if they focus on national issues, as they do in single-member district systems, rather than on local issues, as they tend to do in proportional representation systems.

Question 16

What happens to most of the bills introduced in the House of Representatives?

A)They become laws.
B)They are passed but then vetoed by the President.
C)They are passed by the House but not by the Senate.
D)They are never sent by committees to the full House.

Question 17

Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities . . . may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely on the basis of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status and community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. . . . Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. - Justice Warren, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
Which part of the United States Constitution did the Court most likely use to support its decision?

A)Article 4
B)The Tenth Amendment
C)The Thirteenth Amendment
D)The Fourteenth Amendment

Question 18

The United States is not a fully democratic country. The framers of the Constitution created a system in which majorities-even large majorities or their representatives in Congress-do not have the right to do anything and everything they want. Which aspect of the American system of government shows one of the limits on the power of majorities discussed above?

A)The ability of Congress to override presidential vetoes
B)The Supreme Court's power to overturn unconstitutional laws
C)The right of Congress to impeach Presidents and federal judges
D)The ability of people in many states to vote public initiatives into law

Question 19

What is one responsibility that modern Presidents have that is NOT described in the Constitution?

A)Commanding the armed forces
B)Proposing an annual budget to Congress
C)Appointing Supreme Court justices
D)Granting pardons

Question 20

What is one important difference between international politics and domestic politics?

A)In international politics there is no single government with the authority to resolve disputes among nations; within a country the government normally has such authority.
B)In international politics countries often have conflicting interests; within a country citizens have common interests.
C)In international politics countries stay in alliances for long periods; within a country citizens change political parties often.
D)In international politics countries never change borders; within a country the borders of states change often.

Question 21

Teresia is a small country that has been invaded by its neighbor Corollia. The king of Teresia is a long-standing United States ally who has been living in exile since the Corollian invasion. Teresia is an important exporter of uranium; it sends most of its supply to members of the European Community. The king appeals to the United States and the United Nations for military help in driving Corollia from his country. What official argument would members of the United Nations be most likely to make for supporting military efforts against Corollia?

A)The stability of the international system depends on countries maintaining their current forms of government.
B)The United Nations and the European Community should control the mining of uranium worldwide.
C)The stability of the international system depends on absolute respect for national borders and sovereignty.
D)Countries such as the United States should become the main judges in all international disputes.

Question 22

America is . . . the great Melting Pot! Here you stand, good folk, think I, when I see them at Ellis Island, here you stand in your fifty groups, with your fifty languages and histories, and your fifty blood hatreds and rivalries. But you won't be long like that, brothers . . . Into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American. - Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot, 1908
Which of the following phenomena does the passage celebrate?

A)Assimilation
B)Repatriation
C)Separatism
D)Communalism

Question 23

School years are the time when the physical, psychological, and addictive effects of drugs are most severe . . . . Deterring drug use by our nation's schoolchildren is at least as important as enhancing efficient enforcement of the nation's laws against the importation of drugs. - Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority in Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton (1995)
By the reasoning of today's decision, the millions of these students who participate in interscholastic sports, an overwhelming majority of whom have given school officials no reason whatsoever to suspect they use drugs at school, are open to an intrusive bodily harm . . . . Many schools, like many parents, prefer to trust their children unless given reason to do otherwise.
- Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing in dissent
Justice Scalia would most likely agree with the idea that drug testing in schools:

A)violates students' right to privacy
B)should be a federal rather than a state function
C)is necessary to protect students
D)is necessary to protect school districts from lawsuits

Question 24

The Supreme Court today upheld the validity of the 1990 census, ruling unanimously that the federal government had no constitutional obligation to adjust the results to correct an acknowledged undercount in big cities and among minorities . . . . At the core of the legal challenge to the 1990 census was the racially disparate undercount, the existence of which no one disputed. The census missed about 2 percent of the population as a whole, some four million people. But it missed 4.8 percent of the Black population and 5.2 percent of the Hispanic population. - The New York Times, 3/21/1996
The situation described is important because census data are used to:

A)decide how many people should be drafted into the military
B)decide how much federal income tax citizens in different states must pay
C)determine how many seats states get in the Senate
D)determine how many seats states get in the House of Representatives

Question 25

We admit that in . . . ordinary times the defendants . . . would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the evils that Congress has a right to prevent. - Justice Holmes, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
The decision reflects the tension between:

A)providing economic equality and protecting political equality
B)defending civil liberties and protecting national security
C)defending the right of free speech and protecting people from slander
D)protecting the power of the Congress and enhancing the Supreme Court's power of judicial review

Question 26

The federal system encourages the growth of organized interest groups by

A)allowing states to pay part of the operational costs of such groups
B)offering several levels of government where groups can attempt to influence policy
C)giving interest groups free building space in Washington, D.C.
D)encouraging interest groups to take over many of the responsibilities of political parties

Question 27

Which of the following did critics of the Articles of Confederation consider the document's greatest flaw?

A)There were no provisions to amend the Articles.
B)The President had the exclusive right to declare war.
C)Each state, regardless of its population, had only one vote in electing the President.
D)The national government was too weak for the effective implementation of needed policies.

Question 28

In recent years, United States policy toward China has been confused. China is the world's most populous country and a major military power, and has become an increasingly valuable trading partner. It has been the view of Presidents, therefore, that it is in the United States interest to remain on good terms with the Beijing government. However, the human rights situation in China shows few signs of improving. In addition, the end of the Cold War has made the political logic of a close relationship with China less compelling. The trade relationship has been, to put it mildly, strained. The Chinese leadership has not responded to quiet diplomacy. It is, therefore, time to reconsider our relationship and break off diplomatic relations with China. - The Madison Daily News
If a President wanted to influence the Chinese government, which of the following steps would he be most likely to take first?

A)Order a full stoppage of United States trade with China
B)Impose sanctions on other countries that trade with China
C)Impose limited economic sanctions on China
D)Impose a military blockade of Chinese harbors

Question 29

For years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors, and vice versa. The difference did not exist. - Charles E. Wilson, 1953
This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence-economic, political, even spiritual-is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government . . . . We must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex.
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961
The main point of the first quotation is that:

A)the government should stay out of the economy
B)the American government should follow policies similar to General Motors
C)America's well-being and the strength of its large corporations are inseparable
D)economic policies should be designed to strengthen small businesses

Question 30

"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. . . . A law repugnant to the constitution is void." Which statement is most consistent with the above decision in Marbury v. Madison?

A)The courts should make laws.
B)Majorities should be allowed to implement any policies they favor.
C)American government should be a participatory democracy.
D)The Constitution limits what government and majorities can do.

Question 31

The Second World War marked the most substantial change ever in the context in which United States foreign policy is made. The world that emerged after the war had fundamentally changed in economic, political, and military ways. These changes made the world a more dangerous place, and altered the demands placed on foreign policy. Which statement best summarizes the change in the global position of the United States after the Second World War?

A)Isolationist sentiment in the United States led the country to increasingly withdraw from world affairs.
B)Before the war the United States played a limited role in global affairs; after the war the United States became the dominant player.
C)The experience of the Second World War led the United States to become increasingly reluctant to aggressively oppose communism.
D)The rise of international organizations such as the United Nations led the United States to play a secondary role in world affairs.

Question 32

The War Powers Act of 1973 was an attempt by Congress to increase its authority over the use of military force. The provisions of this act include the following. The President must report to Congress within 48 hours after sending troops to an area where hostilities are imminent. Within 60 days after troops are sent, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of the United States military presence. If Congress fails to provide such authorization, the President must withdraw the troops. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution (which the President may not veto) directing the removal of United States troops, the President must comply. The War Powers Act was an attempt by Congress to check the power of the President because:

A)Presidents had involved the United States in wars that Congress had not declared
B)Presidents had failed to respond aggressively to the spread of communism
C)The framers of the Constitution had intended that Congress, rather than the President, exert direct control over the military
D)None of the above

Question 33

The War Powers Act of 1973 was an attempt by Congress to increase its authority over the use of military force. The provisions of this act include the following. The President must report to Congress within 48 hours after sending troops to an area where hostilities are imminent.Within 60 days after troops are sent, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of the United States military presence. If Congress fails to provide such authorization, the President must withdraw the troops. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution (which the President may not veto) directing the removal of United States troops, the President must comply. Part of the War Powers Act may violate the principle of separation of powers. This part gives Congress the power to:

A)declare war
B)ask the President to inform Congress when troops have been sent overseas
C)pass laws that affect foreign policy
D)pass resolutions that cannot be vetoed and that force presidential actions

Question 34

The War Powers Act of 1973 was an attempt by Congress to increase its authority over the use of military force. The provisions of this act include the following.The President must report to Congress within 48 hours after sending troops to an area where hostilities are imminent.Within 60 days after troops are sent, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of the United States military presence.If Congress fails to provide such authorization, the President must withdraw the troops. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution (which the President may not veto) directing the removal of United States troops, the President must comply.What is one power, not specified in the War Powers Act, that Congress can effectively use to limit the military authority of the President?

A)Impeaching Presidents who pursue unpopular military policies
B)Instructing military officers not to follow presidential orders
C)Refusing to provide funding for specific military operations
D)Independently negotiating treaties with foreign powers

Question 35

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Under what historical circumstances was the Fourteenth Amendment, quoted above, passed?

A)It was passed soon after the American Revolution to limit the power of the federal government.
B)It was passed soon after the Civil War to protect the rights of former slaves.
C)It was passed soon after the First World War to protect the rights of immigrants.
D)It was passed during the Vietnam War to protect the freedom of antiwar protesters.

Question 36

From this ballot, you can tell that voters are NOT allowed to vote for

A)a President from one party and a member of Congress from another party
B)more than one candidate for any office
C)a President from one party and a Vice President from another party
D)members of the electoral college

Question 37

What can you infer about the 1992 election from the ballot?

A)Neither of the state's United States senators was up for reelection in 1992.
B)Third parties try to build support by winning local elections.
C)The Republicans are far stronger in this state than are the Democrats.
D)This state had changed its polling hours between 1988 and 1992.

Question 38

If Public Question 1 is approved by the voters, it will give the state the ability to

A)incur $345 million of debt to be used at the governor's discretion
B)incur $345 million of debt to be used for recreational, conservation, and environmental projects
C)raise taxes by $345 million per year to gain funds for recreational, conservation, and environmental projects
D)ask the federal government for $345 million in aid to be used on recreational, conservation, and environmental projects

Question 39

Federalism: A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have authority over the same land and people. Which fact about American government reflects the above definition of federalism?

A)Power is divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
B)Private organizations in the United States do much of the work that is performed by local governments in other countries.
C)Citizens in the United States are subject to both state and federal laws.
D)Citizens in the United States have a right to protection from intrusion into their private affairs.

Question 40

In the United States, what occurs when state and national laws are in conflict?

A)The state law is enforced.
B)The national law is enforced.
C)The state decides which law to enforce.
D)The public holds a referendum to decide which law should be enforced.

Question 41

We have a constitutional system that so fragments and divides power that it's impossible to give this country effective, long-run leadership . . . . The system has led to an inability to plan and get on top of problems ahead of time. Even at best, this country has always been twenty to sixty years behind other industrial democracies in dealing with tough problems. -James MacGregor Burns, 1988
Which aspect of United States government might Burns cite to support his argument?

A)The use of the electoral college in presidential elections
B)The President's power as commander in chief
C)The division of policy-making power among national, state, and local governments
D)The role of political parties in congressional decision making

Question 42

We have a constitutional system that so fragments and divides power that it's impossible to give this country effective, long-run leadership . . . . The system has led to an inability to plan and get on top of problems ahead of time. Even at best, this country has always been twenty to sixty years behind other industrial democracies in dealing with tough problems. -James MacGregor Burns, 1988
Parliamentary systems might not show the same fragmentation that Burns finds in the American system because in parliamentary systems

A)more real power is given to local governments
B)power is not divided among three branches of government
C)governments do not try to play an active role in the economy
D)political parties do not differ over important issues

Question 43

On May 17, 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that laws mandating racially segregated public school systems were unconstitutional. The Supreme Court later argued that federal courts should take steps to bring about the integration of segregated school systems "with all deliberate speed." In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called on the National Guard to turn away nine African American students as they attempted to enter Central High School in Little Rock. President Eisenhower, who did not support the Brown decision, called out federal troops to protect the rights of the African American students to attend the school. President Eisenhower called out federal troops because he:

A)had a long career in the military
B)believed that the governor needed his assistance
C)was required by the Constitution to enforce the rule of law
D)wanted to show that the federal government would protect the rights of protesters

Question 44

On May 17, 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that laws mandating racially segregated public school systems were unconstitutional. The Supreme Court later argued that federal courts should take steps to bring about the integration of segregated school systems "with all deliberate speed." In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called on the National Guard to turn away nine African American students as they attempted to enter Central High School in Little Rock. President Eisenhower, who did not support the Brown decision, called out federal troops to protect the rights of the African American students to attend the school. The events described in the passage suggest that early attempts at school integration:

A)led to a power struggle between state governments and the federal government
B)were opposed by many in the South but were widely popular in other parts of the country
C)proceeded without incident after the Little Rock standoff
D)were supported by elected officials but opposed by the courts

Question 45

In the area of United States foreign policy, Congress shares power with the

A)President
B)Supreme Court
C)state governments
D)United Nations

Question 46

We need an intensified voter registration drive, a determined effort to integrate the public schools, lunch counters, public parks, theaters, etc. - Martin Luther King, Jr., 1961
"These legislative and judicial victories did very little to improve the lot of millions of Negroes in the teeming ghettos of the North.... The issues which we confront are the hard core economic issues.
- Martin Luther King, Jr., 1966
In what fundamental way do the two quotes above show different understandings of the rights of citizens?

A)In the first quote, rights are assumed to belong to individuals; in the second quote rights are assigned to groups.
B)The first quote focuses on political and legal rights; the second quote focuses on economic rights and opportunities.
C)The first quote focuses on the rights of people in rural areas; the second quote focuses on the rights of people in cities.
D)The first quote defines rights as belonging to all humans; the second quote defines rights as belonging only to citizens.

Question 47

Michigan governor John Engler is pursuing changes in welfare policy that are pleasing the Clinton administration more than his Republican allies on Capitol Hill. The Democrats' unlikely and somewhat unwilling hero announced an ambitious pilot project . . . that seeks to cut welfare costs by providing generous social services so that poor people can go to work. Democrats call his plan enlightened. Republicans have been caught off guard. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Democrat of New York, . . . praised Mr. Engler for breaking with congressional Republicans by using child care and transportation subsidies and fashioning a more active role for social workers in an effort to turn welfare recipients into workers. -The New York Times, January 22, 1996
What does the article show about American politics?

A)There is wide support for continuing welfare services in their current form.
B)The number of people receiving welfare services has increased markedly over recent years.
C)Political parties are not ideologically unified, and people within parties may differ over issues like welfare reform.
D)Democrats are thought to be more liberal than Republicans, but they are in fact more likely to champion the elimination of welfare services.

Question 48

Michigan governor John Engler is pursuing changes in welfare policy that are pleasing the Clinton administration more than his Republican allies on Capitol Hill. The Democrats' unlikely and somewhat unwilling hero announced an ambitious pilot project . . . that seeks to cut welfare costs by providing generous social services so that poor people can go to work. Democrats call his plan enlightened. Republicans have been caught off guard. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Democrat of New York, . . . praised Mr. Engler for breaking with congressional Republicans by using child care and transportation subsidies and fashioning a more active role for social workers in an effort to turn welfare recipients into workers. - The New York Times, January 22, 1996
Many congressional Republicans might object to Engler's plan because it:

A)involves increased government spending for transportation and child care
B)is not aimed at getting people off welfare and back to work
C)does not extend the social safety net far enough
D)places the state government in competition with private companies for employees

Question 49

Americans volunteer to work with a wide variety of nongovernmental organizations. Volunteers provide social services, work to clean the environment, and help to educate the young. But while many people view volunteerism as a "good" thing, they do not understand just how important volunteers are to the health of American democracy. Volunteerism both makes people better citizens, and helps restrain the growth of government in a way that protects the freedom of all. What is one example of the type of volunteer work referred to in the statement above?

A)The Environmental Protection Agency cleans up toxic waste dumps.
B)A public school sponsors after-school programs for children whose parents work.
C)A youth group holds a food drive to help poor people.
D)Soldiers are sent to help put out forest fires threatening homes.

Question 50

What is one important way in which central political principles of the United States government have had a major effect on United States foreign policy?

A)The United States has usually supported movements in foreign countries to give all citizens basic economic rights.
B)The United States has played a leading role in the international environmental movement.
C)The United States has supported the growth of Western-style democracy in countries that were once communist dictatorships.
D)The United States has consistently encouraged its allies to develop federal systems of government.

Question 51

According to the European theory, men are divided into classes-some to toil and earn, others to seize and enjoy. According to the Massachusetts theory, all are to have an equal chance for earning. Vast and overshadowing private fortunes are among the greatest dangers to which the happiness of the people in a republic can be subjected. The main idea set forth in the creeds of some political reformers, or revolutionizers, is, that some people are poor because others are rich. This idea supposes a fixed amount of property in the community, which, by fraud or force, or arbitrary law, is unequally divided among men. But education creates or develops new treasures, treasures not before possessed or dreamed of by anyone. - Horace Mann
Mann suggests that universal public education can prevent the:

A)accumulation of private wealth
B)formation of a rigid and permanent class system
C)need for public charity
D)formation of stable republican government

Question 52

Absolute arbitrary power, or governing without settled laws, can neither of them be consistent with the ends of society and government. - John Locke
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the Locke quotation above?

A)Weak government is worse than no government.
B)Governmental power should be limited.
C)Laws should never be changed.
D)Only wise people can exercise power.

Question 53

I often wondered whether we do not rest our hopes too much upon constitutions, upon laws and upon courts. These are false hopes; believe me, these are false hopes. Liberty lives in the hearts of men and women; when it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it. - Judge Learned Hand, 1941
It can be concluded from the quotation that Judge Hand believed it was most important that citizens

A)vote for candidates who support their views
B)rely on the courts to safeguard their rights
C)amend the Constitution whenever necessary
D)protect their freedoms through political participation

Question 54

Which statement about the making of United States foreign policy is accurate?

A)State governments, through their ability to negotiate independent trade agreements, have preeminent authority in making foreign policy.
B)The Senate, because of its power of treaty ratification, has more power in setting foreign policy than does the President.
C)The Supreme Court, because it can rule on the constitutionality of executive actions, dominates foreign policy.
D)Congress and the courts have some authority over foreign policy, but the President and the state department have the greatest authority.

Question 55

Most democratic countries elect legislatures through one of two types of electoral systems: single-member district or proportional representation. In single-member district systems, citizens in specific areas vote for candidates who represent their districts. In proportional representation systems, citizens in the country vote for political parties. Parties are then awarded seats in the legislature proportionate to the percentage of the vote they have won. In other words, if a party wins 20 percent of the vote, it receives 20 percent of the seats in the legislature. Why will countries with proportional representation systems tend to have more political parties than those with single-member district systems?

A)Only large countries tend to use proportional representation systems, and these countries naturally have more parties.
B)Countries with proportional representation systems tend to be more sharply divided along ethnic and regional lines, and many parties tend to arise as groups struggle to defend their interests.
C)Parties in proportional representation systems do not have to win a majority of the vote in any district, so it is easier for smaller parties to gain representation in the legislature.
D)Countries with proportional representation systems tend to have constitutions that mandate the existence of more than three political parties.

Question 56

At the Constitutional Convention, there was a major debate between large states and small states about representation in the new Congress. This debate was resolved by the Connecticut Compromise, which said that:

A)the number of citizens in a state would determine how many seats that state had in Congress, but slaves and other noncitizens would not be counted for this purpose
B)Congress would have two houses in which the number of seats a state had in each house was based on its population
C)Congress would have two houses, one in which state representation was based on population and one in which all states had equal representation
D)Congress would be made up of two houses in which all states had an equal number of representatives in each house

Question 57

Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities . . . may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely on the basis of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status and community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. . . . Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. - Justice Warren, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
The segregated educational system described in the decision was the result of:

A)state laws
B)federal laws
C)federal regulations
D)executive orders

Question 58

Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities . . . may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely on the basis of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status and community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. . . . Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. - Justice Warren, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
How did the decision affect the relationship between the federal government and state and local governments?

A)The federal government exerted greater influence in a policy area that had been dominated by states and municipalities.
B)The federal government began directly determining what would be taught in public classrooms.
C)State governments were restricted in their ability to mandate the teaching of religion in public schools.
D)State and local governments became less dependent on federal funding for education.

Question 59

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. - First Amendment to the United States ConstitutionEveryone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. - Article 22 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
Why have documents such as the United Nations Universal Declaration been opposed by some citizens in the United States?

A)Some people fear that international agreements will force the United States to act in ways not consistent with its national interest.
B)Americans see economic equality as more important than individual liberty.
C)Some people believe that the government should be free to limit speech and assembly rights where necessary.
D)Most people do not believe that there are universal human rights.

Question 60

One explanation for the large number of interest groups in the United States is that

A)there is little enforcement of laws forbidding their existence
B)members of these groups can easily get to see the President and justices of the Supreme Court
C)the tax code forbids taxing any interest group
D)there is a wide variety of religions, occupations, and beliefs in the country

Question 61

School years are the time when the physical, psychological, and addictive effects of drugs are most severe . . . . Deterring drug use by our nation's schoolchildren is at least as important as enhancing efficient enforcement of the nation's laws against the importation of drugs. - Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority in Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton (1995)
By the reasoning of today's decision, the millions of these students who participate in interscholastic sports, an overwhelming majority of whom have given school officials no reason whatsoever to suspect they use drugs at school, are open to an intrusive bodily harm . . . . Many schools, like many parents, prefer to trust their children unless given reason to do otherwise.
- Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing in dissent
In Justice O'Connor's view, the school district's drug-testing policy violates students' constitutional protection against:

A)cruel and unusual punishment
B)seizure of private property
C)double jeopardy
D)unreasonable searches and seizures

Question 62

The Supreme Court today upheld the validity of the 1990 census, ruling unanimously that the federal government had no constitutional obligation to adjust the results to correct an acknowledged undercount in big cities and among minorities . . . . At the core of the legal challenge to the 1990 census was the racially disparate undercount, the existence of which no one disputed. The census missed about 2 percent of the population as a whole, some four million people. But it missed 4.8 percent of the Black population and 5.2 percent of the Hispanic population. - The New York Times, 3/21/1996
Why might it be argued that the census was unfair?

A)It undercounted some groups more than others.
B)Some people objected to participating in the census.
C)Census figures differ greatly depending on the year in which the count is taken.
D)It is unconstitutional for the United States government to take a census.

Question 63

We admit that in . . . ordinary times the defendants . . . would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the evils that Congress has a right to prevent. - Justice Holmes, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
According to the Supreme Court decision in this case, free speech should NOT be protected when it

A)offends others
B)disagrees with government policy
C)attacks a government agency
D)endangers others

Question 64

We admit that in . . . ordinary times the defendants . . . would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the evils that Congress has a right to prevent. - Justice Holmes, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
What argument is the Supreme Court making in this decision?

A)Congress can limit free speech as it sees fit.
B)The right to free speech is basic to democracy and government may never limit it.
C)Rights are not absolute and the government may limit them in times of crisis.
D)The judiciary is powerless to overturn laws like the Espionage Act of 1917.

Question 65

We admit that in . . . ordinary times the defendants . . . would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the evils that Congress has a right to prevent. - Justice Holmes, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. The United States, quoted above, involves an interpretation of which of the following parts of the Constitution?

A)The First Amendment
B)The Fifth Amendment
C)The Eighth Amendment
D)The Fifteenth Amendment

Question 66

In recent years, United States policy toward China has been confused. China is the world's most populous country and a major military power, and has become an increasingly valuable trading partner. It has been the view of Presidents, therefore, that it is in the United States interest to remain on good terms with the Beijing government. However, the human rights situation in China shows few signs of improving. In addition, the end of the Cold War has made the political logic of a close relationship with China less compelling. The trade relationship has been, to put it mildly, strained. The Chinese leadership has not responded to quiet diplomacy. It is, therefore, time to reconsider our relationship and break off diplomatic relations with China. - The Madison Daily News
One disadvantage of following the recommendations in the editorial is that:

A)the United States would lose normal means of communications with one of the world's most important countries
B)American voters would strongly oppose the severing of relations with China
C)China would be able to force the United States to pay penalties in the World Court
D)the United States might be expelled from the United Nations

Question 67

"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. . . . A law repugnant to the constitution is void." In Marbury v. Madison (1803), quoted above, the Supreme Court argued that it had the authority to:

A)overturn laws it found unconstitutional
B)overturn previous court decisions
C)grant Presidents special powers in times of crisis
D)make laws

Question 68

"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. . . . A law repugnant to the constitution is void." The decision in Marbury v. Madison, quoted above, argues that the judiciary should serve as:

A)a check on the power of the military
B)a check on the power of Congress
C)an independent lawmaking body
D)an institution that enhances the power of the President

Question 69

The Second World War marked the most substantial change ever in the context in which United States foreign policy is made. The world that emerged after the war had fundamentally changed in economic, political, and military ways. These changes made the world a more dangerous place, and altered the demands placed on foreign policy. The statement calls the world after the Second World War "a more dangerous place." What specific change could one cite to support this claim?

A)The rise of the European Union (EU)
B)The signing of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
C)The decline of German military power
D)The development and spread of nuclear weapons

Question 70

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The Fourteenth Amendment, quoted above, was intended to ensure that:

A)both men and women would have equal voting rights
B)the power of the judiciary would not continue to grow
C)the Bill of Rights would protect citizens from actions by both state and federal governments
D)state governments would be free to interpret the Bill of Rights in locally appropriate ways

Question 71

Johnson was convicted of flag desecration for burning the flag rather than for uttering insulting words. If there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that the Government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable. . . . We do not consecrate the flag by punishing its desecration, for in doing so we dilute the freedom that this cherished emblem represents. - Justice Brennan, majority opinion
Uncritical extension of constitutional protection to the burning of the flag risks the frustration of the very purpose for which organized governments are instituted. . . . The flag is not simply another "idea" or "point of view" competing for recognition in the marketplace of ideas. . . . I cannot agree that the First Amendment invalidates the. . . laws which make criminal the public burning of the flag.
- Justice Rehnquist, dissenting opinion
The constitutional guarantee at issue in the case is:

A)freedom of religion
B)freedom of speech
C)the right to assemble
D)the right to due process of law

Question 72

There is one column on the ballot entitled "Nomination by Petition." What can you assume from the presence of this column on the ballot?

A)Voters cannot submit petitions directly to the government.
B)None of the candidates in this column is likely to receive more than 10 percent of the vote.
C)More Independents than Democrats or Republicans wanted to run for President.
D)Candidates who are not from major parties but show a certain level of support can get on the ballot.

Question 73

Members of a community have been arguing about the subject matter taught in the local high school. This argument has led both sides to demonstrate outside city council meetings. Also, one group staged a sit-in at the local board of education. Below are quotes from two citizens who have different opinions about these protests. Patrick: Government's most important job is to maintain order and protect public safety. How can elected officials ever do their work if people are criticizing them all the time?
Elena: I think it's important that people let their opinions be known. Protests are okay as long as they are not violent.
The argument between Patrick and Elena shows a debate common in American politics. This debate best reflects the conflict between:

A)the need to maintain order and the rights of individuals
B)the will of the majority and the rights of the minority
C)representative government and direct participatory democracy
D)parental rights and governmental control of education

Question 74

On May 17, 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that laws mandating racially segregated public school systems were unconstitutional. The Supreme Court later argued that federal courts should take steps to bring about the integration of segregated school systems "with all deliberate speed." In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called on the National Guard to turn away nine African American students as they attempted to enter Central High School in Little Rock. President Eisenhower, who did not support the Brown decision, called out federal troops to protect the rights of the African American students to attend the school. The events at Central High School in Little Rock showed that:

A)people at all levels of government supported the goal of school integration
B)the public supported the Supreme Court decision in the Brown case
C)states do not attempt to resist Supreme Court decisions
D)the Supreme Court decision by itself did not do away with segregation

Question 75

According to the European theory, men are divided into classes-some to toil and earn, others to seize and enjoy. According to the Massachusetts theory, all are to have an equal chance for earning. Vast and overshadowing private fortunes are among the greatest dangers to which the happiness of the people in a republic can be subjected. The main idea set forth in the creeds of some political reformers, or revolutionizers, is, that some people are poor because others are rich. This idea supposes a fixed amount of property in the community, which, by fraud or force, or arbitrary law, is unequally divided among men. But education creates or develops new treasures, treasures not before possessed or dreamed of by anyone. The passage implies that poor people will improve their lives through:

A)violent revolution
B)nonviolent resistance
C)studying and learning
D)union organization

Question 76

I often wondered whether we do not rest our hopes too much upon constitutions, upon laws and upon courts. These are false hopes; believe me, these are false hopes. Liberty lives in the hearts of men and women; when it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it. - Judge Learned Hand, 1941
Which of the following best summarizes Judge Hand's argument about constitutional democracy in the United States?

A)Constitutions are a serious obstacle to individual liberties.
B)Constitutions allow governments to disregard individual liberties.
C)Individual liberties depend on citizens committed to the protection of those liberties.
D)Individual liberties can only be safeguarded by a written constitution and an independent judiciary.

Question 77

The statute necessarily interferes with the right of contract between the employer and employees.... The general right to make a contract...is part of the liberty of the individual protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.... Under that provision, no State can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The right to purchase or sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this amendment.... - Justice Peckham, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
It is plain that this statute was enacted in order to protect the physical well-being of those who work in bakeries.... The statute must be taken as expressing the belief of the people of New York that, as a general rule, labor in excess of sixty hours a week...may endanger the health of those who thus labor.... Our duty, I submit, is to sustain the statute as not being in conflict with the Federal Constitution.
- Justice Harlan, in his dissenting opinion
What is one way that political attitudes toward government regulation have changed since the decision in the Lochner case?

A)Government today is largely unwilling to regulate private contracts.
B)The federal government no longer applies the Fourteenth Amendment to state laws.
C)It is generally accepted that the government should take some actions to defend the health and safety of workers.
D)It is generally accepted that the government should play a role in enforcing contracts, but not in trying to influence their content.

Question 78

The primary purpose of the Bill of Rights was to

A)limit the spread of slavery in the United States
B)limit the power of the federal government
C)establish judicial review
D)allot specific powers to the states

Question 79

Imagine that Congress is considering severe cutbacks in the Social Security program. Which of the following national interest groups would be most concerned about and opposed to such a policy?

A)Mothers Against Drunk Drivers
B)American Association of Retired Persons
C)National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
D)American Bar Association

Question 80

Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities . . . may be equal, deprive children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely on the basis of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status and community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. . . . Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. - Justice Warren, delivering the majority opinion of the Court
The second paragraph discusses an earlier court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. You can conclude that the Plessy decision had allowed:

A)districts to use busing to integrate schools
B)schools to have "separate but equal" educational facilities
C)free public education for all citizens
D)new federal support to finance education for minority students