Question 1

One of the signs of dehydration is the body reducing urination. As the plasma level goes down, which of the following occurs?&#10;A)Decreased tubular sodium reabsorption&#10;B)Decreased plasma aldosterone&#10;C)Decreased sodium excretion&#10;D)Decreased plasma rennin

Accepted Answer

During dehydration, the plasma level of the body goes down, creating an increase in tubular sodium reabosrption, plasma aldosterone, and plasma rennin, all of which assist in the decrease of sodium excretion. This attempts to rebalance the body's electrolytes to a lower plasma concentration to match the lower level of plasma.

Question 2

The urinary system is one of the regulatory mechanisms keeping the body homeostatic. As a person becomes dehydrated, the level of plasma decreases because it is primarily made of water. Which of the following occurs as part of this regulatory process?

A)ADH secretion goes up
B)Water reabsorption goes down
C)Venous pressure goes up
D)Both B and C

ADH secretion goes up

Accepted Answer

As plasma levels decrease, the body starts to increase ADH, or anti-diuretic hormone. This causes the body to absorb more water, increasing the concentration of urine (decreasing volume) in an attempt to create homeostasis.

Question 3

The kidneys function as one of the body's filtration systems. Which of the following tests help check kidney function?&#10;A)CBC&#10;B)Creatinine clearance&#10;C)ALT&#10;D)AST

Accepted Answer

The creatinine clearance test is composed of a 24-hour urine sample, along with a current blood sample. A calculation is done to compare the level of creatinine in the blood to that in the urine. The calculation allows a provider to see how well the kidneys are functioning and clearing creatinine.

Question 4

Which of the following urine levels would give a provider an indication of urinary concentration?&#10;A)Osmolality&#10;B)Specific gravity&#10;C)Both A and B&#10;D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

Both osmolality and specific gravity will indicate urinary concentration. Osmolality will refer to the amount of solute particles while specific gravity measures density. These tests are screening mechanisms that can give a provider an indication that there is some imbalance within the body causing increases of "stuff" in the urine. It is not specific and would require additional tests to determine what "stuff" could be causing the changes.

Question 5

Which of the following components of urine exist in the lowest amounts in a healthy patient?&#10;A)Water&#10;B)Urea&#10;C)Creatinine&#10;D)Albumin

Accepted Answer

In a healthy patient, water and urea are present in the highest amount. Creatinine exists in a lower concentration then water and urea, but albumin is present in the lowest amount. Abnormal changes in urea, creatinine, and albumin can help providers determine a possible problem within the body. These tests are screening tests and are not specific to disease, but just point to some type of condition existing.

Question 6

You are a provider working in an emergency room and just took over several patients. Upon review of laboratory results, you notice that under urinalysis, it states that one of the patient's urine samples has a dark amber color. What would you think?

A)This is a normal color.
B)The laboratory made a mistake.
C)The person might be having liver problems.
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

A basic urinalysis is a very standard test used to screen for many different ailments. Color can indicate there might be a problem and t can be a clue to help fit the whole diagnostic picture. A dark amber colored urine sample could mean the presence of bilirubin and since bilirubin is manufactured in the liver and is not a normal constituent of urine, this could indicate a problem. This finding is not diagnostic and should be reviewed with other pertinent clinical data in order to diagnose and treat the patient.

Question 7

As a provider, your receive a urinalysis report on a female patient stating that the clarity was turbid, there was 2+ leukocyte esterase, and a microscopic evaluation that showed many bacteria. What could cause this report?

A)There was contamination of normal flora.
B)A bacterial urinary tract infection
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

The presence of 2+ leukocyte esterase, turbidity, and many bacteria indicate a bacterial urinary tract infection. The presence of leukocyte esterase indicates the presence of white blood cells in the urinary tract to help fight off infection. Bacterial contamination might be an issue if the patient was asymptomatic and had no leukocyte esterase. A urine culture should be performed to ensure that the proper antibiotic is prescribed.

Question 8

Which of the following can cause acidic urine?&#10;A)Cranberry juice&#10;B)UTI&#10;C)Diabetes&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Cranberry juice is acidic and is often recommended to patients who have a UTI in order to help make the bacteria in the urine too acidic to thrive. A urinary tract infection with acid-producing bacteria such as E.coli can cause urine to become more acidic. In severe cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, you can see patients who have more acidic urine.

Question 9

Which of the following can cause alkaline urine?&#10;A)Respiratory acidosis&#10;B)UTI&#10;C)Cranberry juice&#10;D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Although a urinary tract infection with E.coli can make urine more acidic, infections with bacteria species of proteus or peudomonas, which produce urease, will cause urine to become basic or more alkaline. Respiratory acidosis can cause acidic urine, while respiratory alkalosis that occurs with conditions like hyperventilation can cause alkalinity to increase.

Question 10

Urinary sediment can contain which of the following:&#10;A)Casts&#10;B)Crystals&#10;C)Both A and B&#10;D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

Urinary sediment is the heavier part of urine that can be obtained by cytocentrifugation of a urine sample. Casts tend to be mucoprotein bodies that can capture chemicals or substances in the renal tubules and allow them to pass into the urine. Crystals can form from the solidification of solutes within the urine. Different types of crystals and casts can indicate a variety of conditions or diseases.

Question 11

Which of the following casts would you expect to see in a patient with chronic renal failure?&#10;A)Hyaline casts&#10;B)Waxy casts&#10;C)Both A and B&#10;D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following casts would you...

Question 12

Of the following, which urine crystal presence would be indicative of gout?&#10;A)Uric acid&#10;B)Tyrosine&#10;C)Calcium oxalate&#10;D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the following, which urine crystal presence...

Question 13

Human papillomavirus (HPV) can be responsible for:&#10;A)Genital warts&#10;B)Cervical cancer&#10;C)Testicular cancer&#10;D)Both A and B

Accepted Answer

The answer of Human papillomavirus (HPV) can be responsible for:&#10;A)Genital...

Question 14

A woman comes in complaining of white discharge from her vagina. Which of the following might be a concern?&#10;A)Gonorrhea&#10;B)Chlamydia&#10;C)Yeast infection&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of A woman comes in complaining of white...

Question 15

Gonorrhea can infect both woman and men in which of the following areas?&#10;A)Mouth&#10;B)Rectum&#10;C)Both A and B&#10;D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gonorrhea can infect both woman and men...

Question 16

Which of the following conditions can gonorrhea cause if left untreated?&#10;A)PID&#10;B)Epididymitis&#10;C)Both A and B&#10;D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following conditions can gonorrhea...

Question 17

Which of the following is true about pregnant woman and gonorrhea?&#10;A)It should be left alone, as treatment can harm the fetus.&#10;B)It should be treated immediately.&#10;C)If left untreated, it can pass to the baby during childbirth.&#10;D)Both B and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true about...

Question 18

Which type of herpes is usually responsible for genital herpes infection?&#10;A)HSV 1&#10;B)HSV 2&#10;C)Both A and B&#10;D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of herpes is usually responsible...

Question 19

What would be considered a sign of primary syphilis?&#10;A)A single sore&#10;B)Mucous membrane lesion&#10;C)Rash&#10;D)Both B and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of What would be considered a sign of...

Question 20

Over the past few years, which condition has shown an increase with a primary syphilis infection?&#10;A)Gonorrhea&#10;B)Chlamydia&#10;C)HIV&#10;D)HSV-2

Accepted Answer

The answer of Over the past few years, which condition...

Question 21

Wearing a condom provides best protection against:&#10;A)Herpes&#10;B)HIV&#10;C)Pregnancy&#10;D)Both B and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of Wearing a condom provides best protection against:&#10;A)Herpes&#10;B)HIV&#10;C)Pregnancy&#10;D)Both...

Question 22

What type of infection is Trichomoniasis?&#10;A)Bacterial&#10;B)Viral&#10;C)Parasitic&#10;D)Genetic

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of infection is Trichomoniasis?&#10;A)Bacterial&#10;B)Viral&#10;C)Parasitic&#10;D)Genetic...

Question 23

The purpose of STD surveillance by local and national disease centers is to:&#10;A)Prevent the spread of infection&#10;B)Chastise people for having an STD&#10;C)Expose people's sexual habits&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The purpose of STD surveillance by local...

Question 24

Sexually active teenagers under the age of 18 _____________&#10;A)Require parental consent for STD testing&#10;B)Do not require parental consent for STD testing&#10;C)Vary by state&#10;D)Both B and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sexually active teenagers under the age of...

Question 25

Patients above the age of 65 ____________&#10;A)Do not need STD testing&#10;B)Should be tested for STDs&#10;C)Do not have sexual contact&#10;D)Both A and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patients above the age of 65 ____________&#10;A)Do...

Deck 4: Genitourinary