Deck 14: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the Social Learning Theories

Question 1

According the central ideas of behaviorism,what are the three main types of learning?

A) learned helplessness, stimulus-response associations, if … then associations
B) habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
C) empiricism, hedonism, associationism
D) reinforcement, punishment, empiricism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib,she looks at it frequently,but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it.Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.

A) classically conditioned
B) operantly conditioned
C) habituated
D) counterconditioned

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to recent reviews of the literature,repeated exposure to violent video games can make someone more aggressive and less empathic.This is an example of ________.

A) the negative consequence of habituation
B) rank order change
C) becoming less consistent
D) effective classical conditioning

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The idea that,in time,you can get used to almost anything is associated with which learning mechanism?

A) habituation
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) respondent conditioning

Question 5

According to the concept of affective forecasting,positive events won't ________ as one might expect,and negative events won't ________as one might expect.

A) lead to as much happiness; lead to as much misery
B) last as long; be as short lasting
C) be as frequent; be as infrequent
D) be as complex; be as simple

Question 6

Based on recent research regarding the ability to forecast emotional reactions to major events,people tend to ________.

A) be accurate judges of the emotional impact of future events
B) underestimate the emotional impact of negative events but not positive events
C) underestimate the emotional impact of positive events but not negative events
D) overestimate the emotional impact of both negative and positive events

Question 7

Utilitarianism,a social philosophy,claims that ________.

A) people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain
B) behavior changes as a function of experience
C) two things become mentally connected into one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time
D) the best society produces the most happiness for the largest number of people

Question 8

Philosopher John Locke's conception of the newborn mind as a tabula rasa (blank slate)is closely associated with the idea of ________.

A) associationism
B) empiricism
C) rationalism
D) existentialism

Question 9

The basic idea behind empiricism is that ________.

A) two things become linked mentally if they are experienced close together in time
B) the structure of the mind determines our experience of reality
C) everything we know is the result of our experience
D) every large phenomenon can be understood by breaking it down into smaller components

Question 10

The attempt to determine how behavior is connected to the environment is called ________.

A) behavioral linking
B) empiricism
C) associationism
D) functional analysis

Question 11

The alternating tones of a car alarm are a means to prevent ________.

A) habituation
B) associationism
C) hedonism
D) the habit hierarchy

Question 12

Hedonism provides the ________ necessary for learning and behavior to occur.

A) motivation
B) cognition
C) emotion
D) knowledge

Question 13

Behaviorism is rooted in which of the following philosophical principles?

A) empiricism, associationism, and hedonism
B) existentialism, optimistic humanism, and phenomenology
C) psychoanalysis, egoism, and neuroticism
D) personality, situation, and behavior

Question 14

Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________.

A) active learning; passive learning
B) punishment; reward
C) an animal's learning ability; a human's learning ability
D) effects on one's physical world; effects on one's social world

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical underpinning of behaviorism?

A) associationism
B) empiricism
C) existentialism
D) hedonism

Question 16

Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by ________.

A) learning
B) behavioral traits
C) phenomenological processes
D) IQ

Question 17

An individual's environment,from a behaviorist perspective,includes his or her ________.

A) thoughts, feelings, and emotions
B) close surroundings with others who offer support and advice
C) rewards and punishments in the physical and social world
D) immediate physical space (e.g., a forest, or a house)

Question 18

Which philosophical idea explains the learning process?

A) associationism
B) empiricism
C) hedonism
D) utilitarianism

Question 19

If a particular song frequently precedes your being touched by your significant other,then eventually hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her.This is the basic idea behind ________.

A) reductionism
B) habituation
C) associationism
D) hedonism

Question 20

The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.

A) associationism
B) empiricism
C) hedonism
D) utilitarianism

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment?

A) Provide multiple alternatives to the punishment-inducing behavior.
B) Be clear and specific about what behavior you are punishing.
C) Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior.
D) Condition a secondary punishing stimulus.

Question 22

On the first day of kindergarten,Terry's teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question.By the end of the first week,the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks.At the end of the second week,the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated,raise their hands,and wait to be called on before asking their questions.Terry's teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior.

A) habituation
B) shaping
C) punishment
D) secondary conditioning

Question 23

Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e.,regardless of what one does),then one is likely to develop depression.This phenomenon is known as ________.

A) learned helplessness
B) angst
C) social learning theory
D) reverse conditioning

Question 24

What learning process may explain why some addicts are more likely to overdose in new settings as opposed to familiar settings?

A) The addict was habituated to the effects of the drug in familiar settings, but this was not true of the new setting.
B) The addict had failed to generalize his or her drug-taking script to the new setting.
C) Opponent processes that were classically conditioned in the familiar setting were not triggered in the new setting.
D) The addict had learned to control stimulus-response associations in the familiar setting, but this learning did not generalize.

Question 25

Perhaps the biggest limitation associated with the use of punishment is that ________.

A) behaviorists have not been able to identify consequences that are generally punishing
B) it is almost always administered incorrectly
C) alternatives to punishment are seldom available
D) punishing only the specific behavior does not appear to reduce the frequency of that behavior

Question 26

Punishment involves ________.

A) removing an aversive stimulus in order to increase the frequency of a behavior
B) introducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior
C) reinforcing incompatible behavioral responses
D) negative reinforcement but not positive reinforcement

Question 27

Social learning theory arose to correct several shortcomings of orthodox behaviorism; specifically social learning theorists argue that behaviorism ignores ________.

A) personality, identity, and individualism
B) motivation, thought, and cognition
C) both positive and negative emotion
D) goals, life stories, personality traits

Question 28

According to Skinner's terminology,behavior that acts on the environment and changes environmental conditions to the organism's advantage is ________ behavior.

A) respondent
B) reinforced
C) operant
D) reciprocally determined

Question 29

Which of the following psychologists was NOT considered a social learning theorist?

A) Bandura
B) Dollard
C) Rotter
D) Thorndike

Question 30

The following are principles to administer punishment effectively EXCEPT ________.

A) availability of alternatives
B) conditioning secondary punishing stimuli
C) behavioral and situational specificity
D) balancing positive and negative reinforcement

Question 31

Pavlov's experiments on the timing of associations demonstrated that two things become associated because ________.

A) they occur at the exact same time
B) the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes well before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
C) one event changes the meaning of the other event
D) they have similar perceptual features

Question 32

According to the text,how can reward be used to prevent somebody from doing something?

A) Reward a response that is incompatible with the undesired response.
B) Reward the undesired response randomly.
C) Reward the undesired response to secure a feeling of trust and compassion.
D) Reward any response, regardless of its desirability.

Question 33

In Pavlov's famous studies,when the presentation of meat was frequently preceded by the sound of a bell,dogs ________.

A) refused to eat the meat
B) began to salivate at the sound of the bell
C) showed fear responses to the bell
D) salivated only when given the meat

Question 34

It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of ________.

A) repeated pairing of a common stimulus with an unpleasant response
B) the occurrence of one predictable negative event
C) repeated exposure to aversive stimuli that are unpredictable and random
D) second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization

Question 35

What term is used to describe a positive result that follows a particular behavior?

A) positive affect
B) reinforcement
C) respondent conditioning
D) operant response

Question 36

A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds.A subject who startles when the light goes on shows ________ behavior,but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise exhibits ________ behavior.

A) respondent; operant
B) operant; respondent
C) conditioned; counterconditioned
D) counterconditioned; conditioned

Question 37

Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________.

A) drives
B) drive reduction
C) decision making
D) reciprocal determinism

Question 38

What is the first and most important danger of punishment?

A) Punishment arouses emotion.
B) It is difficult to be consistent.
C) Punishment teaches misuse of power.
D) It is difficult to gauge the severity of punishment.

Question 39

Bart eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later.According to the process of classical conditioning,he will most likely ________.

A) become nauseated at the sight of all restaurants
B) try the dish again when another chef prepares it
C) attribute his vomiting to an illness
D) never eat that dish again

Question 40

Behaviorists like John Watson assumed that an individual's personality consists of a repertoire of learned ________.

A) helplessness
B) stimulus-response associations
C) if … then responses
D) social norms

Question 41

Behaviorism is concerned with ________,whereas Rotter's social learning perspective is concerned with ________.

A) actual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment
B) operant conditioning; respondent conditioning
C) general behavioral tendencies; specific learned motivational tendencies
D) classical conditioning; observational learning

Question 42

According to Bandura,what two components influence an individual's impression of what he or she is capable of doing?

A) self-efficacy and self-concept
B) personality traits and personal life goals
C) social support and self-esteem
D) intelligence and level of diligence

Question 43

What term refers to Bandura's idea that the self-system,environmental factors,and behavior are all dynamically interlinked?

A) efficacy expectations
B) reciprocal determinism
C) the transactional triad
D) the cognitive person system

Question 44

Bandura's ________ has proven to be the most influential of his ideas.

A) specific approach to therapy
B) emphasis on observational learning
C) concept of expectancies
D) discovery of if ... then contingencies

Question 45

The key target for psychotherapy,according to Bandura,is to ________.

A) change the client's overt behavior to match the demands of the situation
B) achieve a better match between the client's efficacy expectations and capabilities
C) change the client's reinforcement values to match their behaviors
D) modify the client's habit hierarchy

Question 46

According to Rotter,locus of control is analogous to ________.

A) self-efficacy
B) a specific expectancy
C) reinforcement value
D) a generalized expectancy

Question 47

Bandura's concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________.

A) situational relativism
B) reinforcement values
C) expectancies
D) behavior potential

Question 48

Dietlinde is interviewing for a job and is confident that she'll be able to convince the hiring committee of her merit and credentials and will therefore surely get the job.Dietlinde has ________.

A) low generalized expectancies
B) low specific expectancies
C) high generalized expectancies
D) high specific expectancies

Question 49

According to the text,a distinctive aspect of humans is that we learn ________.

A) nearly everything from observation
B) by both punishment and reward
C) very few things from observation
D) nearly everything from classical conditioning

Question 50

As a child,Robin was frequently surrounded by many people and came to see herself as a very sociable person.As an adult,she has chosen a career that requires her to interact with other people on a daily basis.As a result,Robin is becoming even more sociable than before.This process is called ________.

A) the approach-avoidance goal system
B) reciprocal determinism
C) vicarious learning
D) the expectancy value theory

Question 51

Charles is reluctant to go to a party where he knows he won't know many people.Based on Bandura's prescription of self-change,Charles should ________ if he wants to change his level of social anxiety.

A) stay home and adjust slowly
B) force himself to go to the party
C) go to the party but only talk to people he knows well
D) go to the party but only if he really wants to

Question 52

What two important ideas are combined in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system?

A) An individual's construal of the world is important, and individuals have completely stable personality traits.
B) Observation is the most important source of learning, and individuals have completely stable personality traits.
C) Observation is the most important source of learning, and the cognitive system has multiple tracks.
D) An individual's construal of the world is important, and the cognitive system has multiple components that often interact.

Question 53

Barbara thinks that Joe will go out on a date with her if she can ever get up the courage to ask him.Barbara's perception of the likelihood that Joe will accept her invitation reflects her ________,whereas her doubts about her ability to ask him out reflect her ________.

A) reinforcement value; behavior potential
B) expectancy; efficacy expectation
C) efficacy expectation; expectancy
D) behavior potential; reinforcement value

Question 54

Which theorist had a substantial intellectual influence on Mischel's ideas about the cognitive-affective personality system?

A) George Kelly
B) Gordon Allport
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Hans Eysenck

Question 55

Mark thinks that if he asks for a $50-a-week raise,he will definitely get it.He really wants a $75-a-week raise and thinks his chances of getting a raise of that amount are about 25 percent.Expectancy value theory would predict that Mark will ask for a ________-a-week raise,and classic behaviorism would predict that he will ask for a ________-a-week raise.

A) $50; $75
B) $75; $50
C) $50; $50
D) $75; $75

Question 56

Bandura's efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.

A) what the person believes he or she is capable of doing
B) the amount of work required to be effective
C) the expected worth of an outcome
D) the probability of success expected for an average person

Question 57

From the perspective of expectancy value theory,your belief about how likely it is that a behavior will attain a certain goal is called your ________.

A) behavior potential
B) expectancy
C) reinforcement value
D) general self-efficacy

Question 58

Following Bandura,many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior ________.

A) are located only in the environment
B) are located only in the conscious mind
C) involve an interaction between the individual's mind and the environment
D) mostly result from direct reinforcement for the behavior

Question 59

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.

A) changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change
B) expectancies vary across situations
C) children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors
D) learning can occur vicariously through observation

Question 60

The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the idea that ________.

A) the organism's behavior is a function of the environment
B) the environment cannot be changed by an organism's behavior
C) the self can affect behavior, independent of the environment
D) learning occurs through direct reinforcement for behavior

Question 61

Mischel's if … then model is rooted in Watson's ________.

A) S-R connection theory
B) five-factor model
C) social learning theory
D) personal construct theory

Question 62

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment.
a.One can lessen the actual use of punishment.
b.The behavior and its punishment are directly related.
c.The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear.
d.The correct behavior is rewarded.
e.Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else.
Behavioral and situational specificity

Question 63

According to Mischel,what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition?

A) Personality traits are subordinate to cognitive processes.
B) Cognitive processes are subordinate to personality traits.
C) The many systems of personality and cognition interact.
D) Systems of personality and cognition operate in a serial process.

Question 64

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
a.S-R association theory
b.if … then contingency model
c.Social learning theory
d.Operant conditioning model
e.Expectancy value theory
Julian Rotter

Question 65

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment.
a.One can lessen the actual use of punishment.
b.The behavior and its punishment are directly related.
c.The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear.
d.The correct behavior is rewarded.
e.Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else.
Availability of alternatives

Question 66

Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they________.

A) focus only on psychological disorders and ignore humankind's positive qualities
B) underemphasize or ignore cognition
C) underemphasize the effect of the specific situation on an organism's behavior
D) lack scientific rigor

Question 67

According to Mischel's theorizing,which of the following methods would be the best way to stop yourself from eating a piece of delicious chocolate cake?

A) smelling the cake to trick yourself into thinking that you ate it
B) telling yourself repeatedly that chocolate tastes bad
C) thinking about the chocolate cake as a piece of brown plastic
D) imagining how good the cake tastes to replace the actual desire to eat it

Question 68

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment.
a.One can lessen the actual use of punishment.
b.The behavior and its punishment are directly related.
c.The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear.
d.The correct behavior is rewarded.
e.Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else.
Conditioning secondary punishing stimuli

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a major achievement of the learning approaches to personality?

A) These approaches pushed psychology in the direction of an objective science.
B) These approaches enhanced our understanding of how the environment affects behavior.
C) These approaches helped further understanding of the importance of early interactions with caregivers.
D) These approaches led to the development of useful procedures for changing behavior, at least in the short term.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT part of the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)?

A) cognitive and behavior competencies
B) encoding strategies
C) subjective stimulus values
D) the Big Five domains

Question 71

What cognitive person variable in Mischel's cognitive social learning theory is closest to the notion of expectancies in Rotter's theory?

A) behavioral construction competencies
B) subjective stimulus values
C) self-regulatory plans
D) personal constructs

Question 72

What construct would Mischel prefer to replace the construct of personality traits?

A) expectancies
B) the self-system
C) cognitive-affective person units
D) if ... then contingencies

Question 73

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
a.S-R association theory
b.if … then contingency model
c.Social learning theory
d.Operant conditioning model
e.Expectancy value theory
Albert Bandura

Question 74

According to Mischel,every individual's if … then pattern of contingencies is unique and comprises his ________.

A) personality
B) life narrative
C) behavioral signature
D) personal goals

Question 75

According to the text,learning theorists emphasize ________ in influencing one's behavior.

A) situations
B) personality
C) social systems
D) the unconscious

Question 76

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment.
a.One can lessen the actual use of punishment.
b.The behavior and its punishment are directly related.
c.The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear.
d.The correct behavior is rewarded.
e.Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else.
Avoiding mixed messages

Question 77

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
a.S-R association theory
b.if … then contingency model
c.Social learning theory
d.Operant conditioning model
e.Expectancy value theory
Walter Mischel

Question 78

Match the implication that is best associated with a principle of effective punishment.
a.One can lessen the actual use of punishment.
b.The behavior and its punishment are directly related.
c.The exact circumstances of the punishment are made clear.
d.The correct behavior is rewarded.
e.Punishment will mean punishment, and nothing else.
Timing and consistency

Question 79

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
a.S-R association theory
b.if … then contingency model
c.Social learning theory
d.Operant conditioning model
e.Expectancy value theory
B.F.Skinner

Question 80

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
a.S-R association theory
b.if … then contingency model
c.Social learning theory
d.Operant conditioning model
e.Expectancy value theory
John Watson