Deck 15: European Society and Culture, 1871-1914

Question 1

Which of the following contradictions was not resolved during the working-class movement prior to the 1900s?

A) Socialism sought the abolition of the private employer, while trade unionism sought to bargain with employers for better conditions.
B) Trade unions wished to prepare for revolution, while socialist political parties were more interested in rhetoric and theories.
C) Rural workers were more conservative than urban workers, especially in countries like Italy.
D) Intellectuals favored unionism, while workers favored socialism.

Answer 1

Socialism sought the abolition of the private employer, while trade unionism sought to bargain with employers for better conditions.

Question 2

The labor unions of Britain:

A) were brought into being and led by the Labour Party.
B) influenced the Labour Party, making it less socialistic than working-class parties on the Continent.
C) were slower than their Continental counterparts in forcing collective bargaining upon their employers.
D) formed a workers' political party much faster than their Continental counterparts.

Answer 2

influenced the Labour Party, making it less socialistic than working-class parties on the Continent.

Question 3

Which new political party was organized in Britain at the turn of the nineteenth century to represent the working class?

A) The Socialist Party
B) The Labour Party
C) The Communist party
D) The Liberal Labour party

Answer 3

The Labour Party

Question 4

Karl Marx's sharpest struggle in the First International was with Bakunin, who argued that _____.

A) socialists must work to reform the state gradually rather than change it through revolution, as argued by Marx
B) the state was the main enemy of the common person
C) only through elections could the working class improve its condition
D) socialists must cooperate with capitalists to improve wages and working conditions

Question 5

Fabian socialists argued that _____.

A) class conflict was essential
B) class conflict was not necessary and that reasonable and gradual measures would result in socialism
C) trade unions were wrong in contenting themselves with small victories
D) parliamentary socialism was ineffective

Question 6

Identify a true statement about Marxism in the decades after 1870.

A) It attracted significant support from labor groups in England, Italy, and Spain.
B) It gained popularity in the Fabian Society.
C) It turned less revolutionary, with the exception of the Russian Social Democratic Party.
D) It began waning because it failed to undergo a movement of revisionism even until the 1890s.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of revisionists?

A) They posited that class conflict is inevitable.
B) They were against the ideas of most socialists and social democrats.
C) They held that capitalism might be gradually transformed in the workers' interest.
D) They believed that the workers' lives could be improved through revolution rather than by democratic means.

Question 8

Feminists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries attracted the most attention with _____.

A) demands for birth control
B) activism for female workers' rights
C) their campaigns for suffrage
D) advocacy for women's education

Question 9

Religion was _____.

A) undermined by anthropology and Darwinism
B) reinforced by anthropology and undermined by Darwinism
C) explained by Pavlov's experiments
D) discounted by Mendel

Question 10

The ideas of Freud include all of the following except:

A) the idea that emotional disturbances like hysteria are traceable to earlier forgotten episodes in patients' lives.
B) the idea that the practice of "free association" can help bring suppressed experiences into conscious recall.
C) the idea that recalling suppressed memories can often result in the disappearance of the symptoms of the illness.
D) the idea that humans are essentially rational creatures because they are able to explore their unconscious through free associations.

Question 11

Einstein's theories _____.

A) vindicated the Newtonian world
B) replaced the Newtonian world with a four-dimensional world
C) confirmed that time, space, and motion were absolute in character
D) proved that matter and energy were separate and distinct

Question 12

The Impressionist movement _____.

A) rejected the trend of painting images of everyday life
B) demonstrated an incomprehensible and alienated style
C) never exerted any influence in its time
D) concentrated on using light and color to portray everyday life

Question 13

By the end of the nineteenth century, the Catholic Church had begun to adapt to the trends of the modern age by:

A) giving up its temporal power (such as in the papal states) and focusing on its spiritual mission.
B) criticizing, in the 1891 papal encyclical Rerum Novarum, the abuses of capitalism and calling for social action.
C) encouraging the formation of Catholic socialist parties and Catholic labor unions.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 14

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, European Jews _____.

A) effectively countered the impact of science and secularism
B) found themselves further restricted by old legal discriminations
C) faced the challenges of increasing emancipation and assimilation countered by a contradictory rise in anti-Semitism
D) benefited from a decrease in anti-Semitism

Question 15

The hardships produced by a free economy _____.

A) confirmed liberals' ideas of clearly separating politics and economics
B) produced neomercantilism and economic nationalism
C) called into question the theory and practice of individual competition
D) B and C

Question 16

The "new" liberalism of David Lloyd George in England and Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson in the United States:

A) paved the way for the welfare state.
B) favored government action against monopolies and trusts.
C) showed more concern for workers and the poor than classical liberalism.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 17

In Britain, liberalism appeared to be on the wane for all of the following reasons except:

A) a movement for returning to tariff protection.
B) a movement for abolishing tariff protection.
C) the use of violent political actions by the suffragettes.
D) the power revealed by railway and coal strikes.

Question 18

Analyze the rise of the European trade union movement and socialism in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Question 19

In what ways did science and scientific thinking change between 1860 and 1914? How did science in this period lead to concrete advances and, on the other hand, call into question the very rationality of our world?

Question 20

What changes did European religions undergo in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? How did scientific advances trigger some of these changes?

Question 21

Why did Marxism experience a push toward revisionism in the late nineteenth century?

Question 22

Why did Darwin's ideas provoke a great outcry?

Question 23

Why was religion more threatened after 1860 than ever in the past?

Question 24

How did developments in anthropology impact religion?

Question 25

In what ways did the economic trends in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries undermine liberalism?