Question 1

Diffusion of innovation does not occur without:&#10;A) A good idea&#10;B) Adoption&#10;C) A needs assessment&#10;D) An implementation plan

Accepted Answer

Innovation without adoption is truly just an idea. Planning for others to understand the innovation is a critical step toward successful implementation. For example, an occupational therapist wanting to design and implement an innovative community program to address childhood obesity must determine when and where the program will be implemented and garner many stakeholders to successfully implement the innovation.

Question 2

In Rogers's theory diffusion of innovation, the group of people who serve as leaders and role models by embracing the innovation are called the:&#10;A) Innovators&#10;B) Early adopters&#10;C) Early majority&#10;D) Late majority

Accepted Answer

Rogers (2003) suggested that innovativeness is the cornerstone of the diffusion process and associated certain characteristics with each of the adopter categories. "The salient value of the innovator is venturesomeness, due to a desire for the rash, the daring, and the risky" (p. 283). In contrast, the early adopters are more conservative than innovators and yet serve as leaders and role models by embracing the innovation. "In one sense, early adopters put their stamp of approval on a new idea by adopting it" (p. 283).

Question 3

An entrepreneur can best be described as one who:&#10;A) Pursues new or existing opportunities in a marketplace&#10;B) Establishes a link between a perceived need of a client and a possible means of satisfying that need&#10;C) Puts their stamp of approval on a new idea by adopting it&#10;D) Innovates and communicates through certain channels over time among the members of a social system

Accepted Answer

Among the multiple skills required of an entrepreneur, the ability to create, transform, and promote a new venture or service effectively is critical to success. Although not discussed extensively in the occupational therapy literature, leaders in the profession have spoken of occupational therapy entrepreneurs as "those who tend to perceive themselves simply as allied health practitioners who have discovered and seized opportunities for promulgating the practice of occupational therapy in new directions or perhaps moving it into new venues" (Pattison, 2006, p. 168). An entrepreneur "pursues new or existing opportunities in a market place; however, to do this successfully it is important to employ appropriate planning strategies that take into account these opportunities and how to maximize them" (Pattison, 2006, p. 168).

Question 4

An occupational therapy practitioner starts a community sensory garden at a local school. A couple of teachers offer to assist in helping maintain the garden, but others complain to the principal about the initiative. According to Rogers's theory of innovation, the teachers contacting the principal represent which group of individuals?

A) Early adopters
B) Early majority
C) Late majority
D) Laggards

Accepted Answer

Rogers (2003) classified these individuals as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (p. 22), depending on when each group embraces the innovation. Rogers (2003) suggested that innovativeness is the cornerstone of the diffusion process and associated certain characteristics with each of the adopter categories. "The salient value of the innovator is venturesomeness, due to a desire for the rash, the daring, and the risky" (p. 283). In contrast, the early adopters are more conservative than innovators and yet serve as leaders and role models by embracing the innovation. "In one sense, early adopters put their stamp of approval on a new idea by adopting it" (p. 283).

Question 5

The school where the community sensory garden was started tends to be overcrowded and teachers have large numbers of students in their classes. Based on this information, what factor likely impeded the adoption of the community program?

A) Impulsive adoption of the innovation
B) Misinformation about the innovation
C) Information overload
D) Poor implementation

Accepted Answer

It is most reasonable to assume that the teachers have too much to do already and resist the program due to information overload. Innovations do not always take hold easily even if important and relevant. Barriers to diffusion of innovation include impulsive adoption of the innovation, misinformation about the innovation, information overload, and poor implementation (Balas & Chapman, 2018).

Question 6

The school principal supports the program created by the OT. The principal holds a meeting to see if there is another way to implement the program and see which teachers are supportive. In this process, the principal is supporting the innovation by:

A) Understanding the time and place to disseminate the new program or business to others
B) Recognizing the importance of sharing the evidence behind the proposed program
C) Understanding the interest and demand for the program
D) Identifying readiness to adopt new approaches or programs

Accepted Answer

The principal recognizes that the teachers may appreciate the idea of the program but make lack interest or feel it's too much. Strategies exist to overcome the challenges of diffusing innovation, including understanding the time and place to disseminate the new program or business to others, recognizing the importance of sharing the evidence behind the proposed program, understanding the interest and demand for the program, and identifying readiness to adopt new approaches or programs (Balas & Chapman, 2018; Dearing & Cox, 2018). Occupational therapy practitioners must be aware of the challenges and strategies of diffusing an innovation as part of planning and implementing a new program or business.

Question 7

What is a typical main goal of a business plan?&#10;A) Philanthropy&#10;B) Develop a mission statement&#10;C) Financial stability&#10;D) Develop a budget

Accepted Answer

Business goals are those developed initially, and they can change as the business grows. As an entrepreneur, a typical business goal is to be financially stable. Meeting costs can be a goal versus turning a profit in a specific amount of time can be a goal. Another goal can be one of philanthropy, whereby the business works toward giving to the community. Philanthropic goals and financial goals do not have to be mutually exclusive.

Question 8

The organizational structure of the business typically focuses on:&#10;A) Milestones and time line for completion&#10;B) Mission statement&#10;C) Marketing plan&#10;D) Budget

Accepted Answer

The plan is the organizational structure of the business. This includes the types of people to be employed (if any), bookkeeping practices, and strategies to manage the business financially. In addition, the organizational plan usually contains milestones and a time line for completion. Explaining the business idea to others and establishing a clear road map for implementation helps maintain focus. Many books and other resources are available for entrepreneurs in developing plans that fit their needs.

Question 9

When doing a budget for a business plan, it helps to start by brainstorming:&#10;A) Start-up costs&#10;B) Business loan proposals&#10;C) Marketing plans&#10;D) Grant proposals

Accepted Answer

When establishing a new program or business, an important consideration is how initial funds, also known as start-up costs, will be acquired (Braveman, 2016; Timmreck, 2003). Depending on the program, start-up costs will vary. It is important to identify what funds are needed to initiate the program and whether these costs will be one-time or ongoing. Costs can comprise overhead to initiate the program, including rental space, phone and Internet services, advertising, new equipment, and supplies. If the program plans on making a profit, then a business loan is an appropriate option to consider to cover start-up costs. On the other hand, if the program plans on simply generating enough funds to cover program costs, then other funding sources, such as a grant or donations, may be more appropriate. The type of business also plays a role here. For-profit businesses are more appropriate for small business loans, whereas non-profit organizations are eligible for other funding streams like fund-raising, grants, donations, and sponsorships.

Question 10

When establishing a non-profit organization, there are multiple steps. Which important step considers size of the organization, perceived liabilities, and tax-exempt status?&#10;A) Idea phase&#10;B) Gather people who share one's vision and commitment&#10;C) Determining the form or legal structure for the non-profit&#10;D) Development of a strategic plan

Accepted Answer

Starting a non-profit organization is much the same as starting a for-profit business. The tasks for starting a non-profit organization are listed in Box 8-3. The first stage is the idea phase. It is important to research the services or products one hopes to deliver. Is there a need that is not being met by other community agencies? This aspect should be identified in the business plan as well. The second stage is to gather people who share one's vision and commitment. These are people who will become the board of directors, officers, and volunteers. The third stage is determining the form or legal structure for the non-profit. Considerations at this stage include size of the organization, perceived liabilities, and tax-exempt status. Next is the development of a strategic plan, followed by publicity and a fund-raising campaign. Finally, there must be a plan for growth and the continued development of the organization.

Question 11

A business plan should be:&#10;A) Static&#10;B) Modified frequently&#10;C) Strategic planning&#10;D) Market analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of A business plan should be:&#10;A) Static&#10;B) Modified...

Question 12

An aspect of a business plan designed to improve the lives of people, communities, and society is known as:&#10;A) Marketing&#10;B) Social marketing&#10;C) Strategic planning&#10;D) Market analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of An aspect of a business plan designed...

Question 13

One effective approach to strategic planning in a business plan includes:&#10;A) Marketing&#10;B) Social marketing&#10;C) SWOT analysis&#10;D) Market analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of One effective approach to strategic planning in...

Question 14

In a grant proposal, costs required to implement the program, including overhead and administrative costs, are referred to as:&#10;A) Sponsorships&#10;B) Indirect costs&#10;C) Direct costs&#10;D) In-kind

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a grant proposal, costs required to...

Question 15

When using a sponsorship approach to support a program, before approaching potential sponsors, which of the following should be clearly identified?&#10;A) Sponsorship levels&#10;B) Organizational logo&#10;C) Program outcomes&#10;D) Company vision

Accepted Answer

The answer of When using a sponsorship approach to support...

Question 16

One way to address the differing abilities of program participants to pay for services is a:&#10;A) Flat fee&#10;B) Fee-for-service&#10;C) Sliding scale fee&#10;D) No fee

Accepted Answer

The answer of One way to address the differing abilities...

Deck 8: Program Support: Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Business Acumen Introduction