Deck 15: Developing and Testing Self-Report Scales

Question 1

Where do items for a new scale come from?

A) Researcher's intuition
B) Research literature
C) Construct analysis
D) Nursing examination questions

Answer 1

Research literature

Question 2

What variable does scale development begin?

A) Latent
B) Content
C) Independent
D) Dependent

Answer 2

Latent

Question 3

What is the first step in scale development?

A) Deciding on the type of scale
B) Developing an item pool.
C) Preliminary evaluation of the items
D) Conceptualizing the construct

Answer 3

Conceptualizing the construct

Question 4

Why do some authors prefer to have an even number of item responses on a Likert scale?

A) Provides respondents with an opportunity to be neutral
B) Forces even mild leanings and avoid sequivocation
C) Minimizes the possibility of an acquiescence response set
D) Ensures generating a fairly exhaustive set of item possibilities

Question 5

Most Likert scales have 5 to 7 options, with verbal descriptors attached to each option. What is the advantage to an odd number of item responses on a Likert scale?

A) Provides respondents with an opportunity to be neutral
B) Forces even mild leanings and avoid sequivocation
C) Minimizes the possibility of an acquiescence response set
D) Ensures generating a fairly exhaustive set of item possibilities

Question 6

What is an appropriate item on a Likert scale?

A) Good health is important.
B) People who do not take care of themselves should be shot.
C) Eating well will ensure that I live to be 100.
D) I would be very happy to eat more vegetables every day.

Question 7

What is an appropriate guideline for wording questions on a scale?

A) Aim for a reading level at the 6th- to 7th-grade reading level.
B) Use long sentences or phrases to ensure clarity.
C) Use double negatives to word questions in a positive way.
D) Put two or more ideas in a single item to save reading.

Question 8

What is a double-barreled item?

A) I am usually happy.
B) I am usually not sad.
C) I am not usually unhappy.
D) I am afraid of insects and snakes.

Question 9

What is a double negative item?

A) I am usually happy.
B) I am usually not sad.
C) I am not usually unhappy.
D) I am afraid of insects and snakes.

Question 10

What type of analysis is used for data collected from the development sample?

A) Item
B) Trend
C) Readability
D) Content

Question 11

What type of validity should be built into the scale through careful efforts to conceptualize the construct?

A) Construct
B) Content
C) Concurrent
D) Concordant

Question 12

A nurse researcher wants a good mix of experts to review a survey addressing RNs' knowledge about nutritional assessment and support. The nurse researcher should be sure to invite which group of individuals to participate?

A) The faculty from the nearest school of nursing
B) A group of bench researchers from the medical school
C) Three RNs who belong to the national gastrointestinal nurses association
D) Clergy who work with hospice patients and their families

Question 13

Once content validity has been established at a satisfactory level, the scale must be administered to a development sample. What is the typical number or more of respondents who are representative of the target population?

A) 150
B) 200
C) 250
D) 300

Question 14

What does exploratory factor analysis do?

A) Reduce a small set of variables into a smaller set of underlying dimensions
B) Reduce a large set of variables into a larger set of underlying dimensions
C) Reduce a small set of variables into a larger set of underlying dimensions
D) Reduce a large set of variables into a smaller set of underlying dimensions

Question 15

What is the second phase of exploratory factor analysis?

A) Factor extraction
B) Factor rotation
C) Principal components analysis
D) Principal axis factor analysis

Question 16

What phase of exploratory factor analysis identifies clusters of items that are strongly intercorrelated and is used to define the number of underlying dimensions in the items empirically?

A) Factor extraction
B) Factor rotation
C) Orthogonal
D) Oblique

Question 17

What type of factor of the items on the rotated factor matrix is used to interpret and name the factors?

A) Analysis
B) Extraction
C) Rotation
D) Loading

Question 18

What is the gold standard translation for semantic equivalence in which the scale is first translated from the source language into the target language and then translated back to the source language by translators blind to the original wording?

A) Measurement
B) Structural
C) Decentered
D) Back

Question 19

This type of equivalence occurs when each item's meaning is the same in the target culture after translation as it was in the original language?

A) Conceptual
B) Semantic
C) Back
D) Decentered

Question 20

There are several steps to a back- translation. What is the first step?

A) Selecting and preparing translators
B) Undertaking an iterative process
C) Testing the translated version
D) Critiquing the translated version