Deck 16: Nutrition for Athletes With Special Dietary Needs

Question 1

Which of the following statements accurately represents the recommendations for protein intake in vegetarians?

A) Vegetarian athletes need to consume 1.6 to 1.7 g/kg/day of complementary proteins.
B) Vegetarian athletes do not need to consume more protein than their omnivore counterparts.
C) Vegetarian athletes should consume about 10% more grams of protein than recommendations due to the digestibility of plant proteins.
D) Protein intake should vary daily based on the percentage of calories consumed in fat.

Answer 1

Vegetarian athletes should consume about 10% more grams of protein than recommendations due to the digestibility of plant proteins.

Question 2

A vegetarian athlete with whom you are working would like to begin taking a creatine supplement. What action should you take?

A) Work with the athlete to determine appropriate creatine dose for his height and weight.
B) Refer the athlete to a registered dietitian to assess the overall eating plan prior to beginning supplementation.
C) Discourage the athlete from taking this or any type of supplement.
D) Share with the athlete the serious side effects associated with creatine use and then allow the athlete to make his own decision whether to use the supplement.

Answer 2

Refer the athlete to a registered dietitian to assess the overall eating plan prior to beginning supplementation.

Question 3

Which of the following conditions might be more likely to occur in an elite vegetarian or vegan athlete?

A) Diverticulitis
B) Hyponatremia
C) Esophageal reflux
D) Female athlete triad

Answer 3

Female athlete triad

Question 4

Which protein in wheat and other grain products creates an autoimmune reaction known as celiac disease?

A) Glutenin
B) Gliadin
C) Lactose
D) Trytophan

Question 5

Which of the following best characterizes non-celiac gluten intolerance or gluten sensitivity?

A) Consumption of gluten-containing foods results in feelings of tiredness, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or constipation.
B) Consumption of gluten-containing foods causes an autoimmune reaction in the intestines.
C) Consumption of gluten-containing foods creates vitamin and mineral deficiencies and weight loss.
D) Consumption of gluten-containing foods results in mild gastrointestinal upset and serious migraine-like headaches.

Question 6

What sometimes fatal reaction is associated with consumption of a food allergen in a sensitive individual?

A) Anaphylactic shock
B) Histamine reaction
C) Cerebrovascular incident
D) Myocardial infarction

Question 7

An athlete complains of bloating, abdominal pain, and vomiting during practice. He states that he had an apple a few hours before practice. What do you suspect may be the cause of his symptoms?

A) The athlete likely has oral allergy syndrome.
B) The athlete is allergic to apples.
C) The athlete is probably just stressed and overreacting.
D) The athlete may be suffering from fructose malabsorption exacerbated by loss of fluids at practice.

Question 8

How can an individual prevent allergic reactions to food?

A) Consume the food allergen in doses small enough not to create a reaction.
B) Consume the food allergen with other foods to dilute the reaction.
C) Take an over-the-counter antihistamine prior to eating the food.
D) Avoid the food allergen.

Question 9

Which of the following foods would not be consumed by an athlete following a paleo diet?

A) Mushrooms
B) Dried beans
C) Asparagus
D) Apples

Question 10

Which statement about grains and a raw-food diet is true?

A) The grain is allowed to sprout and then consumed.
B) Grain is not included in the raw food diet.
C) Grain is first dehydrated and then consumed.
D) Grain must be consumed raw in conjunction with a fruit or a vegetable to maximize absorption.

Question 11

What is the main risk of consuming meat products as part of a raw-food diet?

A) High total cholesterol levels
B) Foodborne illness
C) Vitamin B₁₂ and zinc deficiency
D) Hypertension

Question 12

What is the typical stated purpose of a "detox" diet?

A) To rid the body of chemicals, additives, and pollutants
B) To jump-start a weight loss program
C) To remove all carbohydrates from the body and create ketosis
D) To remove intestinal flora that results in negative effects like gas production during fiber digestion

Question 13

Which phase of a detox diet is typically liquid-only?

A) Cleansing phase
B) Probiotic phase
C) Repopulation phase
D) Restorative phase

Question 14

Compared to omnivores, vegetarians have lower rates of which of the following? Select all that apply.

A) Obesity
B) Hypertension
C) Eating disorders
D) Type 2 diabetes
E) Breast cancer

Question 15

Which of the following should you encourage a vegetarian athlete to consume because they are good plant sources of zinc? Select all that apply.

A) Whole grains
B) Cereals
C) Citrus fruits
D) Spinach
E) Legumes

Question 16

Vegetarian athletes should seek to eat fortified foods to optimize their intake of which of the following nutrients? Select all that apply.

A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin B₁₂
E) Sodium

Question 17

Which of the following are benefits provided to an athlete who consumes a well-planned vegetarian diet? Select all that apply.

A) Similar performance outcomes as nonvegetarian athletes
B) High carbohydrate intake
C) Adequate consumption of all nutrients
D) Decreased risk of dehydration
E) Reduced risk of chronic disease

Question 18

Which of the following vitamins are at risk of deficiency in an athlete who consumes a gluten-free diet? Select all that apply.

A) B vitamins
B) Zinc
C) Fiber
D) Vitamin E
E) Vitamin C

Question 19

Which of the following symptoms are caused by the release of histamine when an antibody binds to a food allergen? Select all that apply.

A) Increased heart rate
B) Hypotension
C) Itching
D) Light-headedness
E) Swelling

Question 20

Which of the following actions might be taken by an allergist to determine which food allergen is creating a reaction in a patient? Select all that apply.

A) Food diary that notes all foods eaten and whether or not a reaction occurred
B) Immediate bloodwork following a reaction to measure antibody levels
C) Scratch skin test
D) Complete history of a serious reaction to include onset/duration, suspected foods, and how foods were prepared
E) Double-blind food challenge

Question 21

Which of the following are drawbacks to consuming a paleo diet? Select all that apply

A) Increased likelihood of nutrient deficiencies associated with elimination of grains
B) Increased likelihood of health problems associated with meat consumption
C) Possibility of decreased bone density
D) Increased risk of dehydration
E) Increased risk of toxicity of some vitamins such as B₁₂ and zinc

Question 22

What action should you take if you are concerned that one of your clients is following a specialized eating plan that is not positively impacting performance? Select all that apply.

A) Listen to the athlete's rationale and goals for following the eating plan.
B) Go directly to the athlete's coach to discuss the situation.
C) Refer the athlete to a registered dietician with sports-related experience.
D) Follow-up with the athlete several weeks after the initial discussion to determine how the plan is going.
E) Demand that the athlete stop consuming the specialized eating plan and schedule weekly meetings to plan all meals.

Question 23

A vegetarian diet, despite being restrictive, can provide adequate nutrition for optimal health and performance.

Question 24

Complementary proteins must be consumed in the same meal in order for vegetarians to meet their protein needs.

Question 25

A well-planned vegetarian diet may be the optimal diet plan for endurance athletes because it incorporates a high percentage (50% to 65%) of calories from carbohydrate sources.

Question 26

It is safe to adopt a gluten-free diet as a means of losing weight and becoming healthier.

Question 27

Once the body makes an antibody to a food allergen, every time the food is eaten an immune response will occur.

Question 28

Yearly detox diets are recommended to thoroughly cleanse the body from the wide variety of harmful chemicals and pollutants introduced on a daily basis.

Question 29

An athlete with whom you are working is considering undertaking a 7-day detoxification diet. Identify at least three pros and cons you might present to this athlete.