Deck 11: Nutrition and Body Composition Coaching and Assessment

Question 1

Which of the following clients should be referred to a primary care physician for management of nutrition-related concerns?

A) A 16-year-old basketball player who needs advice on recovery nutrition.
B) A 17-year-old soccer goalie who wants to gain muscle and change overall body composition.
C) A 60-year-old competitive recreational runner.
D) A 30-year-old recreational tennis player who is taking several prescription medications.

Answer 1

A 30-year-old recreational tennis player who is taking several prescription medications.

Question 2

Which type of fat is stored in subcutaneous tissue?

A) Intramuscular triglycerides
B) Essential fat
C) Visceral fat
D) Adipose tissue

Answer 2

Adipose tissue

Question 3

Which somatotype would best be used to describe a tall, thin, lanky cross-country runner?

A) Mesomorph
B) Ectomorph
C) Endomorph
D) Mendomorph

Answer 3

Ectomorph

Question 4

Which measure of body composition can provide information on regional fat distribution and can also provide measurement of bone density?

A) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan
B) Air displacement plethysmography
C) Near-infrared spectroscopy
D) Bioelectric impedance

Question 5

Which of the following statements correctly describes current thinking regarding reference methods for measuring body composition?

A) Magnetic resonance imaging is considered to be the preferred reference method due to its accuracy combined with ease of completion and cost-effectiveness.
B) X-ray computed tomography scans are the preferred reference method due to the quality of the image produced and low levels of radiation used, making it easily repeatable.
C) The multicomponent model is considered the preferred reference method due to its high level of accuracy.
D) The dual-spectrum x-ray absorptiometry scan is the preferred reference method as site-specific body composition methods can be easily obtained with little technical support or training.

Question 6

Which of the following athletes would benefit most from high muscle density, high weight, and low levels of body fat?

A) Point guard
B) Diver
C) Golfer
D) Body builder

Question 7

Which field method of assessing body composition was developed by life insurance companies as a means of categorizing a client based on the variables of height, frame size, and weight compared to normative data?

A) Height-weight tables
B) Body mass index
C) Girth measures
D) Bioelectric impedance

Question 8

Which of the following individuals might be at risk for obesity-related chronic medical conditions?

A) Client with a body mass index of 24
B) Client in the underweight category on the height-weight table
C) Client with a waist-to-hip ratio of 1.4
D) Client with a body fat percentage of 20%

Question 9

In addition to assessing body composition, what other information might be provided by the serial measurement of skinfolds?

A) Frame size
B) Site-specific effects of a training program
C) Waist-to-hip ratio
D) Water weight

Question 10

What variable can significantly impact the accuracy of a bioelectric impedance measure?

A) Hydration status
B) Time of day
C) Medications
D) Ambient temperature

Question 11

At what point in the hydrostatic weighing process should the measurement be taken to produce the most accurate results?

A) As soon as the body is completed submerged
B) After complete expiration
C) Ten seconds after submersion
D) As soon as the athlete is seated in the chair

Question 12

Which method of body composition assessment utilizes full-body x-ray to provide feedback on the location of fat distribution, overall muscle mass, and fat mass characterization?

A) Air displacement plethysmography
B) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
C) Near-infrared interactance
D) Three-dimensional photonic scanning

Question 13

In addition to measuring body fat, what other important measure can be obtained from a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan?

A) Bone density
B) Muscle fiber type
C) Hemoglobin concentration
D) VO₂ max

Question 14

Which relatively new technology can be used to create an image that is then measured at sites similar to those used with skinfold calipers to determine body composition?

A) Three-dimensional photonic scanning
B) Near-infrared interactance
C) Ultrasound
D) Computed tomography

Question 15

How can allied health care providers best utilize body composition measurements when working with recreational athletes?

A) To identify characteristics that can be used as a basis for goal setting
B) To monitor progress made in a fitness program
C) To provide counseling regarding chronic medical conditions
D) To serve as a motivator

Question 16

When estimating caloric needs, what measure must first be determined?

A) Average number of calories consumed daily
B) Resting energy expenditure (REE)
C) Average number of calories burned daily during exercise
D) Type of lifestyle the patient follows

Question 17

A client wishes to follow a generally healthy eating plan that conforms to the daily reference intakes (DRIs) and other general standards. What recommendation should be made to this client?

A) Ask the client to complete a 24-hour food recall, then identify nutrient deficiencies that should be corrected.
B) Ask the client to keep a food record for a week, then evaluate the food record and provide specific recommendations for the foods and amounts that should be consumed.
C) Utilize a food record or other tracking system, like www.myfitnesspal.com, and compare those findings to the recommendations on www.choosemyplate.gov.
D) The client should complete a food-frequency questionnaire, which should then be evaluated, and supplements should be recommended for every area in which the client is deficient.

Question 18

After comparing a client's estimated body composition and dietary habits against government standards, an allied health professional notes that the client falls into categories that place him at increased risk for hypertension, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. What would be the most appropriate step for the allied health professional to take in this situation?

A) Refer to a physician and/or registered dietitian.
B) Identify three very specific weight loss and nutrition goals for this client.
C) Make recommendations for limiting caloric consumption to 1,000 cal/day and institute a cardio-focused exercise program.
D) Start the client on a cardio and resistance training program, make nutrition-related recommendations, and recheck body composition and dietary habits in three weeks.

Question 19

What component is integral to the success of a lifestyle-change program?

A) Support system
B) Identification of deficiencies
C) Medical evaluation
D) Behavioral assessment and plan

Question 20

A client goes to a nutrition and fitness consultation. During the initial meeting, the client says, "I only came to see you because my wife made me. I don't really think I need to change the way I eat." Which stage of the model of behavior change best characterizes this client?

A) Contemplative
B) Precontemplative
C) Preparation
D) Action

Question 21

When working with a client in the contemplative stage of the model of behavior change, which of the following strategies might best meet the client's needs?

A) Sharing information about a nutrition and exercise program planned for the future
B) Sharing knowledge about the importance of changing current habits
C) Designing an individualized training program that will be initiated immediately and reassessed often
D) Closely monitoring nutrition and exercise program for adherence to program guidelines

Question 22

At which stage in the model of behavioral change is a person most at risk of dropping out of a nutrition and exercise plan and returning to their previous habits?

A) Maintenance stage
B) Preparation stage
C) Action stage
D) Contemplative stage

Question 23

Which of the following goals might be used to help a client reach the goal of losing 10 pounds so she can fit into her wedding dress in 12 weeks?

A) Replacing her normal three regular sodas per day with water or tea and walking 30 to 45 minutes every day
B) Getting fit and toned
C) Exercising more than she is currently doing
D) Eating only healthy foods, and only drinking soda when at a restaurant
E) Finding a friend to exercise with on the weekends

Question 24

Which of the following types of fat are considered essential fat? Select all that apply.

A) Intramuscular triglycerides
B) Liver fat
C) Visceral fat
D) Adipose tissue
E) Brain tissue

Question 25

Which of the following is a nonmodifiable factor that contributes to body composition distribution? Select all that apply.

A) Somatotype
B) Distribution of muscle fiber types
C) Training regimen
D) Dietary habits
E) Weight

Question 26

What factors are assessed when field methods and laboratory methods of evaluating body composition are compared to reference methods? Select all that apply.

A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Accessibility
D) Applicability
E) Ease of completion

Question 27

Which of the following are field methods that might be used to assess a client's body composition? Select all that apply.

A) Body mass index (BMI)
B) Bioelectric impedance
C) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
D) Girth measurements
E) Air displacement plethysmography

Question 28

Which of the following factors are included when calculating body mass index (BMI)? Select all that apply.

A) Fat mass
B) Lean mass
C) Water weight
D) Height
E) Weight

Question 29

Which of the following variables may impact the accuracy of an air displacement plethysmography (ADP) measure? Select all that apply.

A) Hydration status
B) Ambient air temperature
C) Body temperature
D) Relative humidity
E) Clothing

Question 30

Which of the following resources are generally accepted to be within the scope of practice for an allied health professional to use when providing nutrition information to their patients? Select all that apply.

A) Government tools and guidelines
B) Published position papers
C) Research studies
D) Published texts
E) Individualized assessment of needs

Question 31

In addition to recording the foods and the amount of a food consumed, what other information might be important to record when a food record is completed? Select all that apply.

A) Cost of the food
B) Others present
C) Where food was consumed
D) Mood at time of consumption
E) Level of hunger (on a scale of 1: ravenous to 10: completely full)

Question 32

Which of the following tools might be used by an allied health professional who is coaching a client through a behavioral change? Select all that apply.

A) Helping client to visualize themselves with and without the unhealthy behavior and how each feels
B) Asking client to consider the impact of their behavior on the people around them
C) Telling a resistant client that they need to take the recommended steps or find another coach
D) Initiating rewards for achieving planned behavioral changes
E) Having a client post on their Facebook page their commitment to the change they are making

Question 33

Gynoid obesity is often associated with a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.9 or lower.

Question 34

In general, baseline nutrition knowledge among athletes is relatively low.

Question 35

Explain the role of body mass index (BMI) in assessing body composition and its limitations as the sole means of assessing body composition.

Question 36

Explain some of the ways in which an allied health professional might utilize a diet history when working with a client.

Question 37

Write a nutrition or fitness-related goal that is structured using the SMART goal format.