Deck 7: Psychosocial Development: 0 to 3

Question 1

Each baby has its own unique temperament.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Self-conscious emotions arise only after children have developed self-awareness at about age 3.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Altruistic behavior seems to come naturally to toddlers.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Slow-to-warm-up children are generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences.

Question 5

Temperament is fully formed at birth.

Question 6

Goodness of fit is a descriptor of the child-caregiver relationship, but it can also be used to describe the fit between the child and the wider social context.

Question 7

Attachments have profound adaptive value for babies from an evolutionary point of view.

Question 8

Babies with secure attachment are outwardly unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning.

Question 9

Upon the caregiver's return, resistant babies demonstrate their distress and anger by seeking contact while at the same time resisting it by kicking or squirming.

Question 10

Securely attached babies have not learned to trust their own ability to get what they need.

Question 11

The more secure a child's attachment to a nurturing adult, the more likely that the child will develop good relationships with others.

Question 12

The ability of both the infant and the caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states is known as mutual regulation.

Question 13

Three key areas of psychosocial development for toddlers are the emerging sense of self, the growth of autonomy, and socialization.

Question 14

Children who are successfully socialized merely obey rules or commands to get rewards or avoid punishment.

Question 15

Areas of socialization that are developing during the toddler years include habituation and gross motor skills.

Question 16

Self-regulation impacts our thoughts of right and wrong but cannot guide our actions.

Question 17

A conscience includes both emotional discomfort about doing something wrong and the ability to refrain from doing it.

Question 18

According to Kochanska et al. (2010), mothers of committed compliers, as contrasted with mothers of situational compliers, are more sensitive and responsive with their children as infants.

Question 19

Situational compliance is related to the internalization of parental values and rules and tends to increase with age.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of emotions?

A) They involve purely objective reactions to experience.
B) Their physical manifestations and impact on behavior tend to be similar for all individuals.
C) They seldom involve any overt behavioral manifestations.
D) Their development follows a relatively standard timeline, beginning in early infancy.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about early emotional responses is true?

A) Early emotional responses seen in babies are limited to crying and smiling.
B) Social smiling is an innate emotional response that is present at birth.
C) Babies smiling soon after birth is triggered by subcortical nervous system activity.
D) Infants who are invariably picked up and soothed when they cry often develop a difficult temperament.

Question 22

In the context of early emotional responses of children, which of the following is true of crying?

A) The basic hunger cry often involves the infant holding its breath for a prolonged period.
B) A higher pitch and a more monotonic vocalization is more characteristic of the cries of a full-term infant than a preterm infant of the same age.
C) The frustration cry is characterized by a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning.
D) Crying is the earliest and most powerful way infants can communicate their needs.

Question 23

In the context of the four patterns of crying identified by Wolff, the frustration cry is characterized by

A) two or three drawn-out cries with no prolonged breath-holding.
B) a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning.
C) a rhythmic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords.
D) a high pitch and a monotonic vocalization accompanied by prolonged breath-holding.

Question 24

Margo and her husband Frank have a 3-month-old daughter, Tina. They love watching Tina smile when they enter the nursery. In this scenario, Tina's parents entering the nursery elicits a(n) ________ on her part.

A) windy grin
B) laugh
C) social smile
D) involuntary smile

Question 25

In the context of early emotional responses of children, laughter is a smile-linked vocalization that becomes more common between ________when it may signify the most intense positive emotion.

A) 4 and 7 weeks
B) 14 and 16 months
C) 4 and 12 months
D) 10 and 15 weeks

Question 26

A(n) ________ is a type of smile that develops between 8 and 10 months in which an infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while continuing to smile.

A) reflex smile
B) reactive smile
C) anticipatory smile
D) social smile

Question 27

The expression of emotions such as embarrassment, shame, and envy

A) develops within a year after birth.
B) requires the development of self-awareness.
C) focuses on the bad self rather than on the bad act.
D) develops simultaneously with other emotions such as joy and fear.

Question 28

Self-awareness usually emerges by about ________ of age.

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 29

Which of the following statements about infants and emotions is true?

A) Infants cannot express emotions for about a month after birth.
B) Infants cannot display self-conscious emotions until 4 years of age.
C) Infants cannot communicate positive emotions as their only mode of communication is crying.
D) Infants cannot understand emotions such as low self-worth.

Question 30

A typical 2-year-old boy is unable to

A) smile to express joy when his father picks him up.
B) experience shame when he wets the bed.
C) cry when he wants to communicate that he is hungry.
D) laugh when his mother plays peekaboo with him.

Question 31

Which of the following is a defining feature of altruistic behavior?

A) having no expectation of reward
B) helping a person as a social exchange transaction
C) engaging in collaborative activities routinely
D) helping a person in the family

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of empathetic reactions?

A) Helena imagining that she puts her teddy bear to sleep by singing a lullaby
B) Jamie drawing his mother's attention and pointing at the swing to let her know that he wants to play
C) Tom helping Jane fix her favorite toy that fell on the floor and broke
D) Stephanie picking up her toys from the floor after her mother reprimanded her for throwing them

Question 33

Which of the following is true of shared intentionality and collaborative activities in children?

A) Collaborative activities decrease during the second year of life as toddlers become more adept at communication.
B) Children begin to collaborate with caregivers in joint activities between 9 and 12 months of age.
C) Children who show the tendency to share tend to help and comfort others.
D) The motivation to help and share and the ability to understand others' intentions develop between 3 and 4 years of age.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about temperament is correct?

A) Temperament at age 3 closely predicts aspects of personality at ages 18 and 21.
B) Temperament is fully formed at birth.
C) Temperament, once set, rarely changes.
D) Temperament is acquired and is primarily influenced by the external environment.

Question 35

Carmen, an infant, rarely has trouble eating, falling asleep, and waking up according to her routine. She tends to be joyful and is also friendly with new people. Carmen is most likely a(n)

A) easy child.
B) indifferent child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) difficult child.

Question 36

Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable. He adapts easily and responds well to change. Which of the following kinds of temperament does he have?

A) an easy temperament
B) a difficult temperament
C) a slow-to-warm-up temperament
D) a highly reactive temperament

Question 37

Which of the following is true of slow-to-warm-up children?

A) They tend to adapt quickly to new routines and rules of new games.
B) They accept most frustrations with little fuss and have moods of mild to moderate intensity.
C) They gradually develop a liking for new stimuli after repeated, unpressured exposures.
D) They display intense and frequently negative moods.

Question 38

Which of the following is an explanation of inhibition in children as explained by Kagan?

A) high degree of sensation-seeking behaviors
B) high need for novelty in stimulation
C) high degree of excitability of the amygdala
D) high threshold for sensory excitation

Question 39

According to researchers, behavioral inhibition

A) primarily relates to infants' responses to familiar events.
B) essentially explains inhibition in terms of its ecological causes rather than in terms of its biological correlates.
C) grows or weakens depending on how a caregiver handles the inhibitory temperament of a child.
D) remains unaffected by culture, gender, race, and other environmental factors.

Question 40

According to Erik Erikson, the first stage in psychosexual development is

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) basic trust versus basic mistrust.
D) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 41

Sixteen-month-old Hannah believes that her needs in life will be fulfilled and that she can obtain what she desires. In the context of Erik Erikson's stages in psychosocial development, Hannah has successfully resolved

A) basic trust versus basic mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) generativity versus guilt.

Question 42

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a possible outcome of an inadequate resolution of the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust?

A) a close attachment with the mother
B) difficulties in forming quality relationships
C) deficits in cognitive abilities
D) a strong sense of predictability and stability

Question 43

Kora experienced difficulties in the first stage of psychosocial development outlined by Erikson. In her adult years, she is most likely to

A) display a sense of shame.
B) exhibit a lack of self-regulation.
C) believe that the world is unfriendly.
D) show narcissistic behavior.

Question 44

The development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through an infant's interactions with

A) strangers encountered during infancy.
B) the primary caregiver.
C) the physical environment.
D) other infants of the same age.

Question 45

Which of the following is the laboratory-based technique used by Mary Ainsworth to study attachment in children?

A) still-face paradigm
B) visual cliff technique
C) Strange Situation technique
D) violation-of-expectation technique

Question 46

Which of the following forms of attachment is likely to be exhibited by infants who lack a cohesive strategy for dealing with Strange Situation stress?

A) disorganized-disoriented attachment
B) secure attachment
C) avoidant attachment
D) ambivalent attachment

Question 47

Babies with disorganized-disoriented attachment tend to

A) be outwardly unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning.
B) show contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected movements and emotions.
C) become anxious even before a caregiver leaves and become increasingly upset when he or she departs.
D) ignore a caregiver's attempts to get their attention when he or she comes back.

Question 48

According to John Bowlby, which of the following is true of the development of attachment?

A) Early caregiving has a negligible impact on the relationship between children and their caregivers.
B) Babies build working models based on their interactions with their caregivers.
C) Attachment patterns develop independent of any temperamental influences of the child.
D) A baby's attachment is qualitatively distinct from Erik Erikson's concept of trust.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about the studies of mutual regulation and emotional communication is true?

A) Infants take an active part in regulating their emotional states only after the age of 1.
B) Mutual regulation in 2- to 9-month-old infants is measured using the still-face paradigm.
C) During the still-face episode, children tend to smile more and express less negative affect.
D) Infants do not take any steps to calm the dysregulation caused when their mothers do not use facial expressions to respond to them.

Question 50

Which of the following children is displaying self-coherence?

A) Noah, who is gazing at her mother's face with a smile
B) Zahra, who is describing herself as "little"
C) Pierre, who is playing peekaboo with his babysitter
D) Clara, who is making a house with building blocks

Question 51

Claire, a 4-month-old baby, does not recognize herself in mirrors or pictures. If she is like most babies, she will develop physical self-recognition and self-awareness by the age of ________ months.

A) 10
B) 6
C) 12 to 15
D) 18 to 24

Question 52

Whenever she gets a chance, 2-year-old Brenda applies her mother's cosmetics on her face and watches herself in the mirror. She has learned to do this by imitating her mother. Which of the following is true of Brenda?

A) Brenda is demonstrating committed compliance.
B) Brenda has a well-developed sense of self-recognition.
C) Brenda has not experienced the impact of gender-typing yet.
D) Brenda is reflecting a high degree of self-regulation and conscientiousness.

Question 53

Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown that the ________ plays a major role in the development of self-representation in 15- to 30-month-old toddlers.

A) cauda equina
B) left temporo-parietal junction
C) arachnoid mater
D) corpus callosum

Question 54

According to Erik Erikson, the strength that emerges because of the favorable resolution of autonomy versus shame and doubt is

A) fidelity.
B) hope.
C) will.
D) love.

Question 55

The autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development is

A) limited to the age of 3 years.
B) characterized by complete dependence on the caregiver's judgment.
C) associated with negativism in some cultures.
D) linked to poor parental control and maladjustment.

Question 56

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is true of the second stage of psychosocial development?

A) The unsuccessful resolution of this stage will result in children viewing the world as unfriendly and unpredictable.
B) Since unlimited freedom is neither safe nor healthy, shame and doubt have a necessary place.
C) If shame and doubt predominate this stage, these feelings can interfere with the learning of self-regulation and self-restraint.
D) The successful resolution of this stage helps children emerge with the quality of hope.

Question 57

Sally is 2 years old. She insists on dressing herself even if she puts on her clothes the wrong way. In the context of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Sally is most likely to be in the stage of

A) basic trust versus basic mistrust.
B) identity versus role confusion.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) initiative versus guilt.

Question 58

Lee has settled into the habit of saying "no" even when he may mean "yes."
His parents explain that he has hit the "terrible twos."
Lee's behavior is a normal manifestation of

A) mutual regulation.
B) basic mistrust.
C) shame and doubt.
D) the need for autonomy.

Question 59

In the context of psychosocial development of children, negativism is typically a(n)

A) early sign of self-doubt.
B) sign of childhood depression.
C) sign of self-regulation.
D) expression of the need for autonomy.

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the phase called "terrible twos" in child development?

A) It is an abnormal phase in child development seen only in cases of acute parental neglect.
B) It is a universal phenomenon in child development that manifests itself in the same manner across cultures.
C) It is more evident in those cultures that emphasize collectivism and group welfare rather than personal freedom and choice.
D) It is closely associated with the value of individualism, and this explains its predominance in the United States.

Question 61

Moral development is based on the internalization of parental beliefs, a process known as

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) canalization.
D) socialization.

Question 62

Who among the following illustrates internalization of parental values and rules?

A) Norah, who climbs onto the kitchen counter to reach the cookie jar
B) Jason, who returns a box of toys he forcibly took from a classmate after being scolded by his teacher
C) Marilyn, who her puts toys back in the toy box before going to watch cartoons
D) Rick, who opens the desks in which his father keeps his office papers

Question 63

Which of the following is true of conscience in children?

A) It involves a child controlling his or her behavior to conform to a caregiver's demands or expectations.
B) It refers to obedience of a parent's orders in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.
C) It refers to a child's eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions.
D) It depends on the willingness to do the right thing because a child believes it is right.

Question 64

Arya is a 2-year-old girl. She plays with her toys, and after some time, she keeps them back in their boxes as she is aware that her mother expects her to do so. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?

A) situational compliance
B) receptive cooperation
C) social referencing
D) committed compliance

Question 65

Which of the following is true of committed compliance?

A) It tends to increase with age.
B) It is a child's eager willingness to cooperate with a parent in a variety of situations.
C) It requires direct intervention of parents.
D) It is often seen in children whose mothers used forms of negative control during infancy.

Question 66

Which of the following is true of the factors involved in the success of socialization?

A) Parents who talk to their 18- to 30-month-old children about emotions tend to have toddlers who are quicker to help others.
B) Two-and-a-half-year-olds whose mothers give in to their requests are better able to resist temptation at age 3 than children whose mothers bargain with them.
C) Children who have mutually responsive relationships with their mothers at the age of 2 tend to be less likely than other children to show moral emotions in early school age.
D) Ambivalent attachment seems to foster committed compliance and conscience development in toddlers.

Question 67

Which of the following is a broad measurable difference seen between male and female infants in the United States?

A) Boys' brains at birth are about 10 percent smaller than girls' brains.
B) Girls are less reactive to stress and more likely to survive infancy.
C) Boys achieve the motor milestones of infancy about 2 months later than do girls.
D) Girls are more vulnerable to illness and fatality since conception than boys.

Question 68

Which of the following is true of sibling relationships?

A) Siblings who engage in dramatic play develop a history of shared understandings that enable them to more easily resolve issues than those who do not.
B) Rivalry, hostility, and competition are more common than prosocial and play-oriented behaviors among siblings.
C) The quality of sibling relationships is more affected by the emotional and social adjustment of the younger child than the older one.
D) Generally, opposite-sex siblings are closer and play together more peaceably than same-sex pairs.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true of relationships with siblings in infancy and toddlerhood?

A) Constructive conflict is rarely seen between siblings till they are teenagers.
B) Sibling rivalry is the main pattern between brothers and sisters early in life.
C) Sibling conflict increases dramatically after the younger child reaches about 18 months of age.
D) Sibling conflict often inhibits children's ability to learn how to fight, disagree, and compromise.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of peer relationships among preschoolers?

A) Preschoolers tend to idolize disruptive, demanding, intrusive, or aggressive children.
B) Children between ages 2 and 4 usually like to play with older children.
C) Preschoolers usually show no particular interest for playmates of the same sex or gender.
D) Beginning at about 4 years, children begin to conform to peer pressure.

Question 71

Define emotion. Explain why emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt develop late in infancy and toddlerhood.

Question 72

Explain how the stage of basic trust versus basic mistrust influences the personality development of a child.

Question 73

Describe the different attachment patterns based on the Strange Situation technique developed by Mary Ainsworth.