Deck 12: The Market Revolution and Social Reform 1815-1850

Question 1

An effect of the practical use of steamboats was:

A) a revolution in transportation on western rivers.
B) making canals a thing of the past.
C) a drop off in trade between the West and the South.
D) the onset of an economic depression in the East.

Answer 1

a revolution in transportation on western rivers.

Question 2

The first demonstration of the practical commercial use of the steamboat was achieved by:

A) Samuel Slater.
B) Robert Fulton.
C) Samuel Morse.
D) Walt Whitman.

Answer 2

Robert Fulton.

Question 3

Considered the greatest engineering feat of its era, the Erie Canal was constructed mostly by:

A) Irish immigrants.
B) Italian immigrants.
C) former slaves.
D) German immigrants.

Answer 3

Irish immigrants.

Question 4

Which of the following transportation systems was developed last?

A) horse-drawn wagons
B) canals
C) ocean-going ships
D) railroads

Question 5

During the 1840s:

A) canals emerged as the most efficient form of commercial transportation.
B) rail connections helped establish close economic ties between the Northeast and South.
C) railroads became the most dynamic booster of interregional trade.
D) canals moved trade much faster and for less capital investment than railroads.

Question 6

During the 1840s, American railroads:

A) developed steadily but slowly.
B) experienced a tripling in miles of tracks.
C) became commercially centered in the South.
D) did not equal the miles of railways developed in Europe.

Question 7

Half of all capital for early railroads:

A) was generated by southern investors.
B) was invested by the federal government.
C) came from European investors.
D) came from state governments.

Question 8

The court system's support of corporate rights to eminent domain meant that:

A) investors were protected from creditors if a corporation went bankrupt.
B) canals could only be constructed with capital provided by the federal government.
C) interstate commerce could not be supervised by the federal government.
D) corporations could purchase "rights of way" land whenever they needed it.

Question 9

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court ruled that:

A) rail companies could not purchase farmland without the consent of farmers.
B) states could not restrict trade within their jurisdictions.
C) monopolies were better for the public good than open competition.
D) the national government had no say in supervising interstate commerce.

Question 10

Which city was not among America's largest in 1820?

A) Pittsburgh
B) Philadelphia
C) Baltimore
D) New York

Question 11

The enormous growth of New York City was fueled by all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A) an increase in the flow of food from the West into the city.
B) possession of the finest harbor on the East Coast.
C) construction of the Erie Canal.
D) the city's refusal to invest in international connections.

Question 12

Living conditions for the working class in cities were characterized by:

A) a lack of tenement buildings.
B) individual family houses.
C) cramped, dirty dwellings.
D) luxurious townhouses.

Question 13

The most notorious slum in New York City during the 1800s was:

A) Five Points.
B) Hell's Kitchen.
C) Greenwich Village.
D) Harlem.

Question 14

Inland cities included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Pittsburgh.
B) Cincinnati.
C) Baltimore.
D) St. Louis.

Question 15

Pittsburgh complemented its function as an exchange center by:

A) developing as a flour-milling center.
B) becoming established as the headquarters of the railway industry.
C) developing a significant manufacturing sector.
D) capitalizing on its location on the banks of the Great Lakes.

Question 16

Which city became known as "Porkopolis" because it was an early meat-packing center?

A) Pittsburgh
B) St. Louis
C) Detroit
D) Cincinnati

Question 17

St. Louis was ideally located for urban growth because:

A) it was the closest western city to the Erie Canal.
B) of its location on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.
C) it served as a transport center for the coalfields of western Missouri.
D) of its location as the immediate outlet to the Atlantic for southern cotton.

Question 18

In 1860, the two most populous cities were:

A) New York and Philadelphia.
B) New York and Boston.
C) New York and Chicago.
D) Boston and Chicago.

Question 19

America's first large-scale, planned city for the sole purpose of manufacturing was:

A) Rochester, New York.
B) Lowell, Massachusetts.
C) Reading, Pennsylvania.
D) Buffalo, New York.

Question 20

By mid-century, most of New York's population was:

A) foreign-born.
B) having a hard time finding employment.
C) moving to areas just outside the city.
D) middle class.

Question 21

During the 1840s and 1850s, the highest number of immigrants came from:

A) Ireland.
B) Italy.
C) England.
D) Poland.

Question 22

Why did many Irish people come to America in the 1840s and 50s?

A) poor business conditions for Ireland's large middle class
B) England's success at stopping the practice of Roman Catholicism in Ireland
C) the government's tendency to prefer Irish rather than German immigration
D) domination of Protestant landlords and starvation in Ireland

Question 23

All of the following statements about immigration from 1840-1860 are true EXCEPT:

A) most immigrants settled in either New England or the mid-Atlantic region.
B) Irish-Americans generally experienced better living conditions than German-Americans.
C) immigrants provided a large source of labor that helped fuel industrial development.
D) immigrants in urban areas tended to live in neighborhoods based on ethnic ties.

Question 24

Up to 1815 in cities and larger towns, most manufacturing was done by:

A) artisans.
B) factories.
C) families.
D) children.

Question 25

In Jeffersonian America, manufacturing was centered in:

A) large industrial cities of the Northeast.
B) the river cities of the West.
C) mass-production factories.
D) households and small workshops.

Question 26

The putting-out system:

A) did not develop until the years just before the Civil War.
B) created a business relationship between merchants and household artisans.
C) gave property owners the right to evict tenants from specific ethnic groups.
D) was the foundation of the first large-scale factories in Pittsburgh.

Question 27

What is the best description of an artisan?

A) a gentleman farmer
B) an unskilled laborer in a large factory
C) an ethnic immigrant that provides a cheap source of labor
D) a skilled craftsmen who makes things by hand

Question 28

An indenture was:

A) a contract between industrial owners and the federal government.
B) a slave who was given freedom upon reaching a certain age.
C) a contract between a master artisan and an apprentice.
D) a worker in industrial towns such as Lowell, Massachusetts.

Question 29

Which nation pioneered most of the technological methods and advances of industrialization?

A) the United States
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) Russia

Question 30

The Rhode Island system of employment was based on:

A) the recruitment of adolescent girls as millworkers.
B) the use of children as laborers in mills.
C) the use of German immigrants in factories.
D) the recruitment of workers through the promise of unionization.

Question 31

Lowell, Massachusetts represented an example of:

A) large use of immigrant labor.
B) America's move toward industries such as coal and steel production.
C) an emphasis on household manufacturing.
D) recruitment of unmarried women workers through the Waltham system.

Question 32

Conditions in towns that used the Waltham system included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) mandatory church attendance.
B) strict curfews.
C) long hours and low wages.
D) access to New England's finest public schools.

Question 33

Other than in New England's textile factories, the largest group of earliest manufacturing workers were:

A) native-born males.
B) young women.
C) African-American slaves.
D) children under the age of 10.

Question 34

Samuel Slater:

A) developed the Waltham system of organizing labor.
B) rejected the ideas of modern industrialization.
C) brought English ideas of manufacturing to America.
D) developed the first commercial steamboat.

Question 35

Which statement about the American system of manufacturing is NOT true?

A) It was influenced by the ideas of Eli Whitney.
B) It focused on low-cost production.
C) Its focus was on home industries rather than factories.
D) Its main goal was standardized, large-scale production.

Question 36

Which statement about Eli Whitney is NOT true?

A) His cotton gin cheaply solved the problem of removing fiber from cotton.
B) He received a government contract to manufacture muskets.
C) The cotton gin was his only significant contribution as an inventor.
D) He grew up in Massachusetts before moving to the South as a tutor.

Question 37

Western manufacturers improved their business conditions by:

A) refusing to trade with southern states.
B) enacting stiff tariffs against eastern goods.
C) turning to steam power after 1840.
D) investing in industries that did not need interchangeable parts.

Question 38

When the Boston Associates built dams and canals:

A) the industrial economy of the region worsened.
B) workers went on strike in protest of the construction.
C) the region's ecology and farmlands were altered.
D) legal battles over water rights ceased to be a political issue.

Question 39

Which statement best summarizes the distribution of wealth in the period 1800-1850?

A) The amount of wealth controlled by the elite decreased.
B) More profit was earned by southern industries than eastern industries.
C) Middle-class Americans made up the majority of the nation's population.
D) The gap between the rich and the poor continued to grow.

Question 40

The growing middle class was most likely to find jobs in:

A) western towns.
B) northern cities.
C) southern rural areas.
D) southern cities.

Question 41

An aspect of the new middle class was:

A) their hostility toward capitalism.
B) the separation of the home from work interests.
C) their rejection of status symbols.
D) the drop in percentage of middle-class Americans.

Question 42

A supporter of temperance believed:

A) that immigration should be stopped.
B) in separation of church and state.
C) in the prohibition of alcoholic beverages.
D) that church attendance should be mandatory.

Question 43

The "cult of domesticity" emphasized that:

A) women should preserve religion and the morals of a family.
B) members of the elite were enemies of true religion.
C) industrial production was not as suitable as household industries.
D) Christians must be reborn before they can understand God.

Question 44

Workingmen's political parties of the 1830s expressed:

A) socialist ideals.
B) the ideals of the Whig Party.
C) the need for social reforms.
D) support for the capitalist class.

Question 45

The first national union was:

A) the American Federation of Labor.
B) the Anti-Masons.
C) the National Trades Union.
D) the Workers of North America.

Question 46

Working-class activists of the 1830s promoted all of the following ideas EXCEPT:

A) the establishment of a free public education system.
B) the abolition of private property.
C) the use of strikes as a method of protest.
D) the abolition of debtors' prisons.

Question 47

In Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Supreme Court ruled that:

A) union organization was unconstitutional.
B) labor strikes were legal.
C) the government could not invest in industry.
D) monopolies were legal entities.

Question 48

All of the following groups were disliked by nativists EXCEPT:

A) Irish Catholics.
B) African-Americans.
C) recent immigrants.
D) Anglo-Americans.

Question 49

In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled in this case that a trade union was not necessarily subject to laws against criminal conspiracies and that a strike could be used to force employers to hire only union members.

A) Marbury v. Madison
B) Roe v. Wade
C) Commonwealth v. Hunt
D) Commonwealth v. Miranda

Question 50

Eastern elites, with the support of their wives and daughters, formed this group of church-affiliated reform organizations known as the:

A) Daughters of the American Revolution.
B) NAACP.
C) benevolent empire.
D) Sabbatarian movement.

Question 51

The Sabbatarian movement:

A) increased in power throughout the nineteenth century.
B) was timid in the pursuit of its goals.
C) wanted to curtail government and commercial activities on Sundays.
D) was founded by Catholics.

Question 52

The American Temperance Society concerned itself mainly with:

A) changing American attitudes toward alcohol.
B) changing American attitudes toward temperament and personality.
C) changing American attitudes toward former slaves.
D) none of the above

Question 53

This man is considered to be the father of the Mormon Church.

A) John Whitmer
B) Joseph Smith
C) Horatio Alger
D) Martin Luther

Question 54

The Mormons believed strongly in:

A) rugged individualism.
B) tithing to the Mormon Church.
C) sharing spiritual authority with women.
D) promoting capitalism.

Question 55

The first political demands for free tax-supported schools originated with the:

A) American Temperance Society.
B) American Tract Society.
C) Workingmen's movement.
D) American Female Moral Reform Society.

Question 56

How did the American approach to dealing with social problems change in the early to mid-1800s?

A) Reformers turned to public authorities to establish new institutions.
B) Reformers built up the volunteer base that had long dealt with social problems.
C) Reformers engaged the services of women.
D) There was no change.

Question 57

School reform succeeded in large part because it appealed to the:

A) southern middle classes.
B) southern farmers.
C) northern industrialists.
D) northern middle classes.

Question 58

This religious group was at its height in the 1830s and attracted over 6,000 followers.

A) Quakers
B) Catholics
C) Shakers
D) Mormons

Question 59

This place was considered a showcase for the transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson.

A) New Harmony
B) Brook Farm
C) West Roxbury Farm
D) Fourierist community

Question 60

The author of Walden was:

A) Henry David Thoreau.
B) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
C) Nathaniel Hawthorne.
D) Edgar Allen Poe.

Question 61

In 1817, antislavery reformers founded this society.

A) the NAACP
B) the United Negro College Fund
C) the American Colonization Society
D) the American Anti-Slavery Society

Question 62

An example of an immediatist would be:

A) a member of the American Colonization society.
B) a free-soiler.
C) an abolitionist.
D) none of the above

Question 63

The British Emancipation Act of ________ was a boost to the abolitionist cause in the United States.

A) 1808
B) 1834
C) 1852
D) 1860

Question 64

Of the following, only ___________ was still a major slave area by the mid-1820s.

A) Mexico
B) Brazil
C) Argentina
D) Columbia

Question 65

Women's treatment within the __________ movement was the final impetus for forming a separate women's rights movement.

A) abolition
B) prison reform
C) temperance
D) workers' rights

Question 66

This document, issued at the Seneca Falls Convention, called for full female equality.

A) Declaration of Women's Rights
B) Equal Rights Amendment
C) Seneca Falls Amendment
D) Declaration of Sentiments

Question 67

Much of the bias against Irish immigrants in the middle of the nineteenth century was anti-________ in nature.

A) white
B) British
C) Catholic
D) Protestant

Question 68

The anti-immigrant measures of the 1840s and 1850s were spearheaded by descendants of immigrants from:

A) Britain and northern Europe.
B) Ireland.
C) southern Europe.
D) eastern Europe.

Question 69

Anti-immigration laws of the 1920s banned __________ entirely.

A) Asians
B) southern Europeans
C) Jews
D) eastern Europeans

Question 70

Which of the following happened first?

A) completion of the Erie Canal
B) American Temperance Society crusade
C) initial publication of the Liberator
D) first journey of Robert Fulton's steamboat Clermont

Question 71

Which of the following happened last?

A) establishment of Brook Farm
B) Seneca Falls Convention
C) first strike at the Lowell Mills
D) emancipation of slaves in the British Empire

Question 72

What characteristics describe the Rhode Island system and the Waltham system?

Question 73

What are some examples that personify the growth of American cities in the 1800s?

Question 74

How were the economic interests of the West linked with those of the Northeast?

Question 75

According to nativists, what problems plagued America?

Question 76

In what ways can it be said that new divisions between a "North" and "South" were developing in America during the period of 1800-1850?

Question 77

Why did economic growth widen the gap between rich and poor?

Question 78

How did class structure change in the first half of the 1800s? What examples reveal the emergence of new tensions between the classes?

Question 79

How can the rapid surge of American industrialism in the period of 1815-1850 be explained?

Question 80

Address the following statement: "The rapid growth of industrialism spurred both progress and conflict."