Deck 11: Aggression

Question 1

__________ is defined as behavior,either verbal or physical,that is used to intentionally harm another individual.

A) Anger
B) Assault
C) Aggression
D) Belligerence

Answer 1

Aggression

Question 2

Expressive views of anger are held more by which group of individuals?

A) men
B) older individuals
C) women
D) less intelligent individuals

Answer 2

women

Question 3

Your textbook states that "research comparing individuals of different income levels finds that men with high income levels have low rates of delinquency regardless of their testosterone,yet the rate of delinquency for low-income men varies with level of testosterone." This finding lends support to which of the following ideas?

A) level of testosterone is not related to aggressive tendencies.
B) level of testosterone accounts for increased aggression.
C) level of testosterone alone cannot account for increased aggression.
D) levels of testosterone is negatively related to aggression.

Answer 3

level of testosterone alone cannot account for increased aggression.

Question 4

According to your textbook,honor killings are more prevalent in:

A) individualistic cultures.
B) Arab nations.
C) Asian cultures.
D) Western cultures.

Question 5

Making disparaging remarks about your boss to other employees in your office can be considered an example of which of the following?

A) direct aggression
B) indirect aggression
C) controlled aggression
D) explicit aggression

Question 6

A man hits his wife because he is angry with her and wants her to feel pain.This serves as an example of:

A) indirect aggression
B) instrumental aggression
C) hostile aggression
D) non-injurious aggression

Question 7

A wrestler throws his opponent onto the ground in order to try and pin him.The wrestler is displaying what type of aggression?

A) affective aggression
B) hostile aggression
C) expressive view of aggression
D) instrumental aggression

Question 8

One study found that __________ were more likely than__________ to respond with aggression and show physical signs of distress when their honor was challenged by insults.

A) older people; younger people
B) women; men
C) Northerners; Southerners
D) Southerners; Northerners

Question 9

Aggression that is performed as a means to some other end would be most closely associated with the concept of_________ aggression.

A) direct
B) hostile
C) expressive
D) instrumental

Question 10

Which of the following individuals supported the idea that aggression was unlearned and innate,and evolved because it is evolutionarily adaptive to human survival?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Konrad Lorenz
C) Albert Bandura
D) Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz

Question 11

Based on information presented in your textbook,which of the following individuals would be most likely to act aggressively if provoked?

A) John, a 30 year old man.
B) Wendy, a 30 year old woman.
C) Jane, an elderly woman.
D) None of these individuals would be more likely than the other to act aggressively under provocation.

Question 12

Which of the following terms describes a method of aggression in which aggression is used as a way to express anger and reduce stress?

A) expressive view of aggression
B) indirect aggression
C) controlled aggression
D) explicit aggression

Question 13

You would expect cultures of honor to exist to a greater extent in which of the following places?

A) Country W, where the laws are not well enforced.
B) Country Z, where there is strong financial security.
C) Country Y, where the majority of citizens enjoy middle to upper class status and wealth.
D) Country X, where there are strong laws and harsh punishments for disobeying rules.

Question 14

Cultures of Honor refer to which of the following?

A) Cultures where you honor other fellow citizens.
B) Cultures where strong norms suggest that aggression is an inappropriate response to insults or threats.
C) Cultures where strong norms suggest that aggression is an appropriate response to insults or threats.
D) Cultures where you honor the elderly.

Question 15

Men are more __________ aggressive while women are more __________ aggressive.

A) physically; relationally
B) verbally; physically
C) relationally; verbally
D) relationally; physically

Question 16

__________ aggression refers to action or behavior that is clearly derived from the aggressor and is aimed directly at the target.

A) Direct
B) Indirect
C) Instrumental
D) Non-expressive

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your textbook as a possible explanation for gender differences in aggression?

A) socialization
B) gender roles
C) testosterone levels
D) socialization, gender roles, and testosterone levels were all mentioned as possible explanations for gender differences in aggression.

Question 18

Salma has been seen in public with a man other than her husband,thereby shaming her family.Her brother kills her because she has damaged her family's reputation.This serves as an example of:

A) direct and indirect aggression
B) explicit aggression
C) a dishonorable killing
D) an honor killing

Question 19

According to research presented in your book,what is the relationship between level of aggression in young boys and amount of testosterone?

A) negative
B) positive
C) curvilinear
D) nonsignificant

Question 20

One of the first places that social psychologists began to study cultures of honor was in:

A) the Southern United States.
B) Russia.
C) the Eastern United States.
D) Ireland.

Question 21

Which of the following statements regarding the role of biochemical influences in aggressive behavior is supported by research?

A) A low level of serotonin causes aggressive behavior.
B) Alcohol causes aggressive behavior.
C) Testosterone causes aggressive behavior.
D) Testosterone is correlated with aggressive behavior.

Question 22

The mixed support for the original frustration aggression theory led Berkowitz to posit which of the following?

A) Frustration leads to biased processing of information, which may then lead to aggression.
B) Frustration leads to automatic thinking, which may then lead to aggression.
C) Frustration leads to sadness, which may then lead to aggression.
D) Frustration leads to anger, which may then lead to aggression.

Question 23

Which of the following ideas could be used to refute the validity of instinct theory?

A) Aggressive behavior evolved out of necessity to survive.
B) Aggressive behavior varies from culture to culture.
C) Aggressive behavior is universal.
D) Aggressive behavior is innate.

Question 24

Peter is an aggressive man.Based on information presented in your textbook,if researchers looked at Peter's brain through an imaging technique you might expect to see:

A) a lot of brain activity in the right hemisphere.
B) not enough brain activity in the left temporal lobe.
C) too much brain activity in the left temporal lobe.
D) either not enough brain activity or too much brain activity in the left temporal lobe.

Question 25

A mom throws a dish in anger.Her child picks up a different dish and throws it immediately after watching her aggressive behavior.The child is:

A) modeling his mother's behavior.
B) displaying implicit aggression
C) displaying instrumental aggression
D) acting instinctually and displaying implicit aggression.

Question 26

Relative deprivation appears to be a function of:

A) social comparison processes.
B) biology.
C) cultural differences.
D) need for cognition.

Question 27

Which of the following theories posits that when a person experiences something with a negative result,such as pain or discomfort,aggressive behavior can often occur in the wake of that experience?

A) Instinct theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Cognitive-neoassociation theory
D) Frustration aggression theory

Question 28

The correlation between alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior is best characterized as:

A) nonlinear
B) positive
C) negative
D) negative and nonlinear

Question 29

Which of the following was identified in your textbook as a common cause of frustration?

A) Relative deprivation.
B) Absolute deprivation.
C) Social withdrawal.
D) Nonconformity

Question 30

Which of the following has been found in violence-prone children and adults?

A) high levels of serotonin
B) low levels of serotonin
C) low levels of testosterone
D) low levels of corticosterone

Question 31

Which psychologist conducted the famous Bobo doll study looking at the effects of modeling on aggressive behavior in children?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Jane Elliot
C) Leon Festinger
D) Konrad Lorenz

Question 32

Researchers have found that,in comparison to inmates who committed property crimes of larceny,drug possession,and burglary,inmates who committed violent,personal,or sexual crimes had:

A) more testosterone.
B) less testosterone.
C) a lower IQ level.
D) no activity in their left temporal lobe.

Question 33

Charlie learns that when his father yells at his mother,she complies with his demands.As a result,Charlie yells at his girlfriend when she doesn't agree with him in an attempt to get her to change her views.Which theory of aggression best explains Charlie's verbal aggression against his girlfriend?

A) Instinct theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Frustration aggression theory
D) Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Question 34

You are aggravated because you are late to meet your friends at the movies and cannot find the keys to your car.This illustrates:

A) aggression.
B) frustration.
C) relative deprivation.
D) disappointment aggression theory.

Question 35

Based on information presented in your textbook,when would you predict the relationship between alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior to become even stronger?

A) When people are tired
B) When people know one another very well
C) When people have increased self-awareness
D) When people expect alcohol to make them more aggressive

Question 36

A psychologist by the name of ___________ developed social learning theory,which is also known as ___________.

A) Leonard Berkowitz; Social cognitive theory
B) Albert Bandura; Social cognitive theory
C) Konrad Lorenz; Social cognitive theory
D) Albert Bandura; Social comparison theory

Question 37

Which theory would predict that you are more likely to exhibit aggression just by being in the same room as a gun mounted on the wall?

A) Instinct theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Frustration aggression theory
D) Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Question 38

Which theory argues that frustration precedes aggression when we are delayed from reaching our goal?

A) frustration aggression theory
B) instinct theory
C) social learning theory
D) disappointment aggression theory

Question 39

Albert Bandura exposed children to an adult model displaying aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll.He then placed them in a mildly frustrating situation before observing and recording their behavior.He found that:

A) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were more likely to imitate aggressive acts compared with a control group.
B) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were less likely to imitate aggressive acts compared with a control group.
C) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were more likely to verbally abuse other children compared with a control group.
D) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were less likely to share compared with a control group.

Question 40

Researchers have found that aggressive men have ________ activity in their left temporal lobe.

A) too much
B) too little
C) no
D) too much or too little

Question 41

In one version of Bandura's Bobo doll study,children watched one of three videos where they were exposed to an individual either being punished,rewarded,or receiving no consequences for aggressing against a Bobo doll.What did Bandura find with respect to the group who watched the video of an individual receiving no consequences for acting aggressively?

A) These children displayed the least amount of aggressive behavior towards the doll compared to the other groups.
B) These children did not engage in aggressive behavior towards the doll.
C) These children engaged in aggressive behavior towards the doll.
D) These children were verbally aggressive but not physically aggressive.

Question 42

According to the General Aggression Model (GAM),"input variables must influence several different processes at a variety of levels before they increase or decrease aggressive behavior".Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a route of influence within this model?

A) arousal state
B) affective state
C) cognitive state
D) arousal state, affective state, and cognitive state are all mentioned as a route of influence.

Question 43

Dodge's social information processing theory emphasizes the role of ___________ in explaining how children may eventually engage in aggressive behavior.

A) culture
B) cognition
C) modeling
D) observational learning

Question 44

In one study with children,researchers found that those who had just played with a toy gun were:

A) less likely to share
B) more likely to share
C) more likely to knock down another child's tower of blocks
D) no more or less likely to knock down another child's tower of blocks compared with a control group.

Question 45

According to information presented in your textbook,which child will be more likely to display an aggressive behavior in the future?

A) A child who learns to associate the aggressive behavior with positive reinforcement.
B) A child who learns to associate the aggressive behavior with punishment.
C) A child who learns to associate the aggressive behavior with positive punishment.
D) A child who learns to associate the aggressive behavior with negative punishment.

Question 46

You are on a crowded bus that has no air-conditioning and you hate being in small spaces.You are trying to get off the bus but it seems as if nobody will make room for you to move through the crowd.As a result,you begin to push people out of your way.In this example,Leonard Berkowitz would most likely explain your aggressive behavior as a function of:

A) an aggressive cue.
B) an aversive experience.
C) frustration.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 47

An action or process that strengthens a behavior is known as:

A) relative deprivation.
B) modeling.
C) reinforcement.
D) positive punishment.

Question 48

In one study,participants listened to either a song with misogynistic lyrics or more neutral lyrics.After overhearing another 'participant' state a dislike for spicy foods,they were then asked to prepare a sample of hot sauce for this individual.The participants were told they could dish out as large of a sample as they wished,with the knowledge that the other 'participant' would be required to drink the entire sample.Researchers found that:

A) Participants who heard the misogynistic lyrics gave less hot sauce to the confederate compared with participants who heard the neutral lyrics.
B) Participants who heard the misogynistic lyrics gave more hot sauce to a male confederate than to a female confederate.
C) Participants who heard the misogynistic lyrics gave more hot sauce to a female confederate than to a male confederate.
D) Participants gave the same amount of hot sauce regardless of the condition they were assigned into.

Question 49

Dodge's social information processing theory involves a 5-step model that outlines how a child responds to a problematic event or situation.Which of the following represents a main step in that model?

A) modeling parent's behavior
B) evaluating a response
C) encoding social cues
D) both evaluating a response and encoding social cues

Question 50

Which of the following concepts is considered a main component of social learning theory?

A) reinforcement
B) modeling
C) relative deprivation
D) reinforcement and modeling

Question 51

Which theory of aggression builds on social learning theory and provides a more integrative framework for specific theories of aggression by including situational and personal variables?

A) Instinct theory
B) General Aggression Model
C) Frustration aggression theory
D) Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Question 52

_________ states that when a person experiences arousal in one situation it may not fully dissipate and then may transfer to a subsequent situation or event.

A) Two-factor theory of emotion
B) Social transfer theory
C) Excitation-transfer theory
D) General aggression model

Question 53

Schacter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion argues that __________is important for determining how we label our arousal.

A) appraisal
B) time
C) culture
D) personality

Question 54

In Schacter and Singer's (1962)classic study,participants were injected with adrenaline or saline and then exposed to either an angry or a euphoric confederate.Of those who received the adrenaline shot,some were told to expect the side effects,some were misinformed about the side effects,and others were told nothing about potential side effects.Participants who expected the injection to make them feel __________ became __________ when placed with the happy confederate.

A) aroused; angry
B) aroused; happy
C) no side effects; happy
D) no side effects; angry

Question 55

Pain,overcrowding,and attacks can all be considered examples of:

A) aggressive cues.
B) aversive experiences.
C) frustration.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 56

Research by Berkowitz and colleagues suggests that aggressive cues in the environment,such as a gun,can lead to:

A) decreased aggression.
B) increased aggression.
C) the same level of aggression as a neutral cue.
D) increased central route processing and increased aggression.

Question 57

Which of the following have researchers found is associated with aggressive tendencies in people?

A) Higher temperatures
B) Increased pain
C) Increased alcohol consumption
D) Higher temperatures, increased pain, and increased alcohol consumption have all been associated with aggressive tendencies.

Question 58

Research suggests that reinforcement of behaviors can come from which of the following sources?

A) the media
B) parents
C) peers
D) the media, parents, and peers can all reinforce behavior

Question 59

Brian pushes his brother and his father sends him to his room without dinner.His father's decision to send him to his room without dinner is an example of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) modeling.

Question 60

A child who views extensive violence on television may exhibit a reduced physiological response to what he is watching.In this circumstance,we could label this child as:

A) reactive to violence.
B) inhibited by violence.
C) desensitized to violence.
D) responsive to violence.

Question 61

Describe instinct theory.Briefly elaborate on one of the major criticisms of this theory.

Question 62

Research suggests that the death penalty is an effective deterrent for heinous crimes.

Question 63

Greg wants his son to learn to solve his problems and frustrations without using any verbal or physical aggression.In order to teach his son to solve problems without aggression,he takes great care to solve his own problems through calm communication.What strategy is Greg using in this example?

A) desensitization
B) modeling
C) positive punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 64

The American Psychological Association reports that by the time a child finishes elementary school he or she will have watched:

A) about 1,000 murders on television
B) less than 5,000 murders on television
C) more than 8,000 murders on television
D) fewer than 1,000 murders on television

Question 65

How are 'cultures of honor' related to honor killings,and under what circumstances are honor killings most likely to occur?

Question 66

Females are more likely than males to be targets of aggression.

Question 67

If you wanted to see an increase in a person's level of aggression all you would have to do is inject them with testosterone.

Question 68

Aggression that is performed to attain a non-injurious goal refers to hostile aggression.

Question 69

A hockey player who checks an opponent to prevent him from getting the puck is engaging in instrumental aggression.

Question 70

What have researchers found with the respect to the effectiveness of training programs designed to reduce violence in schools?

A) Violence prevention programs in schools have resulted in decreased aggression among students.
B) Violence prevention programs in schools have unfortunately resulted in increased aggression among students.
C) Violence prevention programs in schools have unfortunately had no impact on the amount of aggression among students.
D) Violence prevention programs in schools have decreased verbal aggression but not physical aggression among students.

Question 71

Compare and contrast direct and indirect aggression.Provide examples of each one.

Question 72

If you believe that Timmy learned to hit sister by imitating his father,who often hits his mother,you are explaining his aggression with social learning theory.

Question 73

The excitation-transfer theory suggests that arousal from one experience can transfer to a second,unrelated situation.

Question 74

Research evidence supports the idea that misogynistic lyrics may prime aggressive thoughts towards men more than women.

Question 75

Gender differences in aggression virtually disappear when there is no provocation.

Question 76

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study powerfully illustrates how aggression can be learned through watching other people's aggressive behavior.

Question 77

Consider the following behaviors: (1)Spreading rumors,(2)punching a family member in anger,and (3)a bank robber who shoots a teller while stealing money.Identify and describe the type of aggression represented by each example.

Question 78

Ben,an aggressive man,would likely show too much activity in the right temporal lobe if researchers looked at his brain with imaging technology.

Question 79

According to your textbook,which of the following represents a reason why punishment will not always be effective in reducing or preventing aggressive behavior?

A) Because punishments are never strong enough.
B) Because punishments are too time-consuming to administer.
C) Because aggressive acts are often a function of controlled processing.
D) Because some types aggressive acts are a function of impulsive responses to a situation.

Question 80

Honor killings are often committed against women and perpetrated by a male relative.