Deck 28: Collision Courses, Abroad and at Home: 1946-1960

Question 1

Which of the following industries led the economic boom of the postwar era?

A) cars
B) aircraft
C) housing
D) tourism, in particular motels

Answer 1

cars

Question 2

The 1944 GI Bill of Rights gave

A) soldiers absolute freedom of speech.
B) veterans guaranteed jobs with the federal government.
C) women the right to join the armed forces.
D) veterans subsidies for education or opening a small business.

Answer 2

veterans subsidies for education or opening a small business.

Question 3

The ________ Act of 1947 authorized the president to seek court injunctions to prevent strikes that endangered the national interest.

A) Smith-Connally
B) Taft-Hartley
C) Wagner
D) Open Shop

Answer 3

Taft-Hartley

Question 4

The diplomat whose article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" shaped America's containment policy was

A) John Foster Dulles.
B) George C. Marshall.
C) Dean Acheson.
D) George F. Kennan.

Question 5

Containment policy was based on the assumption that

A) the Soviet Union would constantly seek to expand.
B) England's colonial empire was collapsing.
C) labor unions were becoming too powerful.
D) the Soviet Union was simply the old czarist Russia in new clothing.

Question 6

In 1946, Bernard Baruch offered an American plan to the United Nations for eventually

A) eliminating all barriers to international trade.
B) outlawing atomic weapons.
C) eradicating poverty and malnutrition in the world.
D) transferring control of all atomic weapons to the United Nations.

Question 7

The Truman Doctrine was created to

A) industrialize Latin America.
B) resist perceived Soviet expansion in China and Burma.
C) industrialize Japan.
D) resist perceived Soviet expansion in Greece and Turkey.

Question 8

What 1947 U.S. policy is described in the following statement? "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."

A) Eisenhower Doctrine
B) Atlantic Charter
C) Truman Doctrine
D) Marshall Plan

Question 9

The Marshall Plan provided

A) aid for a coalition government in China.
B) funding for the organization of NATO.
C) massive economic assistance for Europe.
D) logistics for the Berlin airlift.

Question 10

After the United States proposed the Marshall Plan, Stalin

A) quickly began to strengthen Soviet armed forces.
B) sent representatives to the first meetings, but then withdrew because he realized the Soviets would need to match American funding.
C) countered immediately with his own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact.
D) sent representatives to the first meetings, but then withdrew because of fears that Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe would become tied to the American economy.

Question 11

In June 1948, the Soviet Union challenged the policies of the Allies in Western Europe by closing

A) its own borders to world trade.
B) Warsaw to Western visitors.
C) off Allied surface access to Berlin.
D) East Germany to all Western powers.

Question 12

In 1946, President Truman alienated southern conservatives by

A) completely desegregating the armed forces despite the opposition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
B) inviting leading black civil rights leaders to the White House to advise him on domestic policy.
C) establishing a Committee on Civil Rights which recommended antilynching and antipoll tax legislation.
D) speaking to the NAACP national meeting and endorsing antilynching legislation.

Question 13

The winner of the 1948 presidential contest, in one of the most stunning upsets in modern politics, was

A) Dwight D. Eisenhower.
B) Henry Wallace.
C) Thomas E. Dewey.
D) Harry Truman.

Question 14

The original purpose of NATO was to create a

A) mutual defense pact against the Soviet Union.
B) free trade zone between Western Europe and the United States.
C) ten-year plan for the economic recovery of Western Europe.
D) financial mechanism to stabilize currency exchange rates of the Western nations.

Question 15

The American ally and leader of the Chinese Nationalists after World War II was

A) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong).
B) Chou En-lai (Zhou Enlai).
C) Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi).
D) Sun Yat-sen.

Question 16

After Mao Zedong's 1949 victory in China, Truman was

A) looking for an excuse to invade China to overthrow Mao's government.
B) condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia.
C) eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible.
D) criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough.

Question 17

After World War II, Korea was taken from Japan and

A) placed under a United Nations protectorate for the next ten years.
B) divided into four zones of occupation by the victorious Allied powers.
C) occupied by the American army under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.
D) divided along the 38th parallel between the occupying forces of the Soviets and the Americans.

Question 18

Officially, the Korean War was a struggle between North Korea and the

A) Americans.
B) South Koreans.
C) United Nations.
D) NATO allies.

Question 19

During the Korean War, Truman removed General ________ from his command for insubordination.

A) George C. Marshall
B) Omar N. Bradley
C) Douglas MacArthur
D) George Patton

Question 20

Speaking of a potential conflict with ___________, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Omar N. Bradley, said in 1951 that it "would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time and with the wrong enemy."

A) Korea
B) Egypt
C) Soviet Union
D) China

Question 21

The president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and former State Department official accused of being a communist was

A) Dr. Klaus Fuchs.
B) Alger Hiss.
C) Harry Gold.
D) Julius Rosenberg.

Question 22

In the 1950s, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and executed for

A) conspiring to assassinate President Truman.
B) selling NATO deployment plans to the Soviets.
C) selling American secret codes to the Nazis during World War II.
D) betraying atomic secrets to the Soviets.

Question 23

The Wisconsin senator identified with wild charges about communists in government was

A) Robert Taft.
B) Roy Cohn.
C) Joseph McCarthy.
D) Adlai Stevenson.

Question 24

"The reason we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this nation." This statement was from a speech given in 1950 by whom?

A) Joseph McCarthy
B) Roger Baldwin
C) Douglas MacArthur
D) Eugene Dennis

Question 25

In 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Republican party effectively used the issue of the ________ to defeat the Democrats.

A) Korean War
B) decline in agricultural prices
C) housing shortages
D) escalating national debt

Question 26

President Eisenhower's program included

A) deficit spending to stimulate the economy.
B) expanding the role of national government in the areas of health and human services.
C) increased taxes to balance the budget.
D) running his administration on sound business principles.

Question 27

The politician who called his program of being flexible without compromising his basic values "dynamic conservatism" or "progressive moderation" was

A) Henry A. Wallace.
B) Dwight D. Eisenhower.
C) Adlai E. Stevenson.
D) Harry S. Truman.

Question 28

Eisenhower's secretary of state who advocated emphasizing massive retaliation with nuclear weapons rather than containment with conventional forces was

A) John Foster Dulles.
B) Sherman Adams.
C) Dean Rusk.
D) Dean Acheson.

Question 29

Eisenhower and Dulles concluded that their "new look" policy of massive retaliation worked when their willingness to use tactical nuclear weapons and their vague warnings seemed to force the

A) Soviet to evacuate their troops from Hungary.
B) North Koreans to disavow their alliance with China.
C) Soviets to reopen ground access to Berlin.
D) Chinese to sign an armistice in Korea.

Question 30

In its Middle Eastern policy, the Truman administration consistently supported

A) Israel.
B) Egypt.
C) Jordan.
D) Iraq.

Question 31

The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine declared that the United States' policy in the Middle East was to

A) protect Israel at all costs.
B) use armed force to stop communist aggression.
C) continue its monopoly of the area's oil.
D) promote regime change in countries with undemocratic governments.

Question 32

What did Nasser do in response to Eisenhower's refusal to finance the Aswan Dam?

A) invaded Israel
B) nationalized the Suez Canal
C) came to Washington and spoke before Congress
D) denounced communism

Question 33

One result of the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik was that

A) Khrushchev behaved more calmly in international affairs.
B) Eisenhower publicly outlined Soviet military weaknesses to calm American fears.
C) the doctrine of massive retaliation became obsolete.
D) Eisenhower moved American bombers to Turkey and northern Africa.

Question 34

During the Cold War, American policy toward Latin America was characterized by

A) support of military dictators who joined the United States in resisting Soviet influence.
B) massive aid to improve public education and public health.
C) liberal economic aid to end poverty.
D) promotion of land reform and wealth redistribution.

Question 35

Eisenhower backed a new federally funded highway system, the largest public works project in U.S. history, because

A) he needed the political capital for his next election.
B) the economy needed stimulation after a mini-recession.
C) he wanted to impress allies and enemies alike with U.S. capabilities.
D) he wanted to ensure safe passage out of threatened cities in case of nuclear attack.

Question 36

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court

A) prohibited racial segregation in public universities.
B) ruled the Smith Act unconstitutional.
C) prohibited racial segregation in public schools.
D) established the "separate but equal" principle of racial segregation.

Question 37

The landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision which ruled that segregated "educational facilities [in public schools] are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional was

A) Berea College v. Kentucky.
B) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
C) Cumming v. Country Board of Education.
D) United States v. Raines.

Question 38

"In the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place…Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The source of this quote is

A) Plessy v. Ferguson.
B) Sweatt v. Painter.
C) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
D) United States v. Raines.

Question 39

In 1957, President Eisenhower sent troops to protect black high school students in

A) Oxford, Mississippi.
B) Selma, Alabama.
C) Topeka, Kansas.
D) Little Rock, Arkansas.

Question 40

What important fight against the institutional foundations of segregation was brought on by the actions of Rosa Parks?

A) the integration of Central High School in Little Rock
B) the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott
C) the March on Washington
D) the Selma to Montgomery March

Question 41

Campaigning in 1960, John Kennedy's ________ was a major obstacle for him in the presidential race.

A) Episcopalianism
B) liberal civil rights record
C) Catholicism
D) criticism of the Cold War

Question 42

The closely watched series of television debates between candidates John Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960 probably

A) helped Kennedy win the presidency.
B) had little or no bearing on the presidential election.
C) helped Nixon close the gap between himself and Kennedy.
D) exposed Nixon's inabilities to grasp key domestic and foreign issues.

Question 43

Between 1945 and 1947, the American economy experienced severe deflation.

Question 44

George Kennan's influential article on containment, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," precisely explained how the U.S. should contain the Soviets and which areas of the world were crucial places to apply containment.

Question 45

In 1948, former vice-president Henry Wallace ran against Truman as a candidate of the States' Rights party.

Question 46

When the United Nations pushed toward the Yalu River during the Korean War, Chinese forces poured across the border with Korea and overwhelmed the UN forces.

Question 47

Truman responded to charges that he was "soft" on communists by vigorously defending Americans' rights to freedom of speech and association.

Question 48

President Eisenhower's program included reducing spending and cutting federal programs.

Question 49

Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist crusade collapsed when he conducted televised hearings to investigate communist influence in the American Red Cross.

Question 50

At the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh crushed the French.

Question 51

Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser triggered an international crisis when he nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956.

Question 52

As a result of American fears of "godless" communism, "one nation under God" was added to the Pledge of Allegiance and "In God we Trust" was added to the nation's currency.

Question 53

Summarize the key trends and events in the Cold War abroad under President Truman.

Question 54

Summarize the key events of the Cold War in East Asia during the terms of presidents Truman and Eisenhower.

Question 55

Evaluate the domestic effects of the Cold War for Americans.

Question 56

Summarize the key trends and events in the Cold War abroad under President Eisenhower.

Question 57

Summarize some of the major developments in civil rights from 1950 to 1960.

Question 58

What is the definition of the following key term:
-Fair Deal :

Question 59

What is the definition of the following key term:
-Marshall Plan :