Deck 15: Immunology

Question 1

Cell-mediated immunity is a function that relies primarily upon the actions of:

A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) Plasma cells
D) Neutrophils

Answer 1

T lymphocytes

Question 2

The humoral immune response is carried out by:

A) Antibodies
B) Monocytes
C) Macrophages
D) Natural killer cells

Answer 2

Antibodies

Question 3

The antibodies released by B lymphocytes are ________________.

A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Polypeptides
D) All of the above.

Answer 3

Polypeptides

Question 4

The principal immunoglobulin in human serum is:

A) Immunoglobulin A
B) Immunoglobulin E
C) Immunoglobulin G
D) Immunoglobulin M

Question 5

A monoclonal antibody:

A) Can bind a large number of different antigens
B) Can bind a small number of different antigens
C) Can bind a single antigen
D) Is present in all nucleated cells in the body; it identifies the cell as "self" rather than foreign

Question 6

Opsonization of an antigen is:

A) The making of holes in the antigen to disrupt its structure
B) The coating of an antigen to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis
C) The agglutination of an antigen
D) The blocking of an antigen from binding to a cell surface receptor

Question 7

The antigen-binding site of an immunoglobulin G molecule is formed by:

A) Its disulfide bonds
B) The portion of the molecule where its two heavy chains are linked
C) The portion of the molecule where its two light chains meet
D) The portion of the molecule where the light chain is linked to the heavy chain

Question 8

The portion of an antigen that distinguishes it from other antigens is known as its:

A) Epitope
B) Cluster of differentiation
C) Immune complex
D) Immunocompetence

Question 9

The protection of an individual from a disease-causing microorganism by the injection of a foreign antigen into his or her body is called:

A) Herd immunity
B) Natural immunity
C) Immunization
D) Immunosuppression

Question 10

The spleen, the dark red football-shaped organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, participates in immunity against disease in what way(s)?

A) It aids digestion of foreign antigen consumed orally
B) It secretes antibody-binding mucus into the upper gastrointestinal tract
C) It is the major producer of the body's leukocytes
D) It is a major component of the mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 11

Clusters of lymphocytes located adjacent to the small bowel protect the intestines from ingested foreign antigens. These collections of lymphocytes are called:

A) Peyer's patches
B) Mucous patches
C) Herald patches
D) Sentinel nodes

Question 12

Which of the following cells are NOT found in lymph nodes?

A) Neutrophils
B) T lymphocytes
C) B lymphocytes
D) Macrophages
E) None of the above.

Question 13

A cell that rapidly produces specific antibodies when it is reexposed to a foreign antigen is:

A) An autoreactive lymphocyte
B) A memory cell
C) A natural killer cell
D) An activated lymphocyte

Question 14

The initial exposure of a person to a foreign antigen is known as ________________.

A) Anaphylaxis
B) Degranulation
C) Sensitization
D) Urticaria

Question 15

Which of the following is not typical of anaphylaxis?

A) Pruritic hives
B) Angioedema
C) Wheezing
D) Hypertension

Question 16

Two immunologically active blood cells are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes (B cells) are manufactured in the bone marrow. T lymphocytes (T cells) are derived from the:

A) Thymus gland
B) Testes
C) Thyroid gland
D) Tonsils

Question 17

T cells that react against the body's own antigens instead of foreign antigens:

A) Are immediately eliminated from the body
B) Participate in autoimmune illnesses, like myasthenia gravis or thyroiditis
C) Produce immunoglobulin M
D) Are the cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 18

One important function of cell-mediated immunity is the recognition of foreign antigens on the surfaces of cells that enter the body. Foreign antigens from these cells are broken down and displayed next to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex of the host's cells. The cells that display foreign antigens on their surfaces are:

A) Antigen-presenting cells
B) Eosinophils
C) Suppressor T cells
D) Natural killer cells

Question 19

"Autism is one side effect of childhood vaccination." This statement is:

A) Proven
B) Unproven

Question 20

Since the introduction of universal vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae:

A) The number of cases of H. flu has increased
B) The number of cases of N. meningitidis has increased
C) The number of cases of S. pneumoniae has increased
D) The number of cases of H. flu has declined

Question 21

Safe and effective human vaccines are available against which of the following diseases?

A) Yellow fever
B) Ebola virus
C) Hanta virus
D) West Nile virus

Question 22

Annual influenza virus vaccines:

A) Are prepared only against Influenza A; it is impossible to prepare a vaccine against Influenza B
B) Are prepared only against Influenza B; it is impossible to make an effective vaccine against Influenza A
C) Are prepared against both Influenza A and B

Question 23

Even if they have been previously vaccinated, individuals who reach the age of 50 should be revaccinated with which of the following vaccines?

A) Clostridium tetanus.
B) Streptococcus pneumonia.
C) Measles
D) Mumps

Question 24

An attenuated vaccine:

A) Differs from a live vaccine in that it is made from dead or destroyed microorganisms
B) Is a vaccine whose shelf life has expired; it is no longer effective and should be discarded
C) Is a vaccine made from the surface antigens of a pathogen, but not its viral core
D) Is a vaccine made from weakened but live microorganisms

Question 25

Which of the following terms is used to signify the vaccination of large portions of the population during an epidemic?

A) Herd immunity
B) Catch-up vaccination
C) Mass vaccination
D) Autogenous vaccination

Question 26

Which of the following vaccines is used in some third-world countries because it provides partial protection against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A) bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine
B) Cholera vaccine
C) Inactivated poliovirus vaccine
D) Sabin vaccine

Question 27

Which of the following (in 2009) is not a vaccine-preventable illness?

A) Diphtheria
B) Hepatitis B
C) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
D) Pertussis

Question 28

People who are over the age of 75:

A) Mount a huge antibody response to most vaccinations. The dose of vaccine given to them should be decreased to prevent side effects.
B) Mount a weak antibody response to many vaccinations. The dose of vaccine given to them should be doubled or tripled to preserve vaccine efficacy.
C) Mount a weak antibody response to many vaccinations.
D) Mount a huge antibody response to most vaccinations. This response can prove deadly. Vaccines should be given to older adults only in extreme or unusual circumstances.

Question 29

Complications of needlestick injuries could include all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) Hepatitis C infection
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
C) Human immunodeficiency virus infection
D) West Nile virus infection

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of older patients?

A) Increased susceptibility to nosocomial infections
B) Increased likelihood of fevers
C) Increased likelihood of delirium during infectious illnesses
D) Increased susceptibility to pressure ulcers

Question 31

Patients with immune deficiencies are susceptible to infections that are not likely to cause diseases in healthy individuals. These infections, which take advantage of weakened hosts, are known as ___________ infections.

A) Low-grade
B) Pyogenic
C) Secondary
D) Opportunistic
E) Cryptogenic

Question 32

Reconstitution of the immune system of patients with AIDS may be accomplished with:

A) Radiation therapy
B) Highly active antiretroviral therapy
C) Chemotherapy
D) Thalassotherapy
E) Drug holidays

Question 33

Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens in several ways. These include which of the following?

A) They activate the complement system
B) They coat an antigen to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis
C) They agglutinate antigens
D) They prevent antigens from binding to the surface of the body's cells

Question 34

In nonspecific immunologic reactions, such as inflammation, and in specific immune responses to discrete foreign antigens, white blood cells release a variety of signaling proteins called cytokines. These proteins make other immune cells proliferate, differentiate, or become better cell killers. Which of the following are not examples of cytokines?

A) Interleukins
B) Corticosteroids
C) Interferons
D) Antihistamines

Question 35

Which two of the following diseases can be prevented with vaccination against the same virus?

A) Chickenpox
B) Smallpox
C) Herpes zoster
D) Herpes simplex

Question 36

Smallpox

A) Was eradicated after the introduction of smallpox vaccine, and now exists only in research laboratories
B) Is a potential agent of biological terrorism
C) Is a potentially lethal disease
D) Is easily treated with antibacterial agents

Question 37

Immune deficiencies can be caused by failure of infection-fighting cells and by poor antibody production, among other causes. Which of the following is a failure of antibody production? Which is a cell-mediated immune deficiency?

A) Hypogammaglobulinemia
B) HIV/AIDS
C) Leucopenia

Question 38

The number of cases of polio caused by the live poliovirus vaccine is much greater than the number of cases of polio caused by the wild polio virus before there was a polio vaccine