Question 1

The innermost layer of an artery is vulnerable to damage from conditions including hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes.

Accepted Answer

The innermost layer, the tunica intima, is made up of endothelium that lines the vascular system. Endothelium is a single layer of cells in direct contact with the blood. The intima is vulnerable to damage from conditions, including hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes.

Question 2

Anginal equivalent symptoms are symptoms of myocardial ischemia other than chest pain or discomfort.

Accepted Answer

Anginal equivalent symptoms are symptoms of myocardial ischemia other than chest pain or discomfort. Examples of anginal equivalents include generalized weakness, difficulty breathing, excessive sweating, unexplained nausea or vomiting, dizziness, syncope or near-syncope, palpitations, isolated arm or jaw pain, fatigue, and dysrhythmias.

Question 3

Acute coronary syndromes include unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI).

Accepted Answer

ACSs include unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. ACSs are also called acute ischemic coronary syndromes (AICSs). These conditions are characterized by an excessive demand or inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle associated with plaque disruption, thrombus formation, and vasoconstriction.

Question 4

Unstable angina occurs most often in men and women 45 to 60 years of age

Accepted Answer

Unstable angina (also known as preinfarction angina) is a condition of intermediate severity between stable angina and acute MI. It occurs most often in men and women 60 to 80 years of age who have one or more of the major risk factors for coronary artery disease.

Question 5

Complete occlusion of a coronary artery may result in a STEMI or sudden death.

Accepted Answer

Blockage of a coronary artery by a clot may be complete or incomplete. Complete blockage of a coronary artery may result in STEMI or sudden death. Partial (incomplete) blockage of a coronary artery by a clot may result in no clinical signs and symptoms (silent MI), unstable angina, NSTEMI, or, possibly, sudden death.

Question 6

Which chamber of the heart is most often involved in acute MI?&#10;A) Right atrium&#10;B) Left atrium&#10;C) Right ventricle&#10;D) Left ventricle

Accepted Answer

Most acute myocardial infarctions affect the left ventricle. The left ventricle has been divided into regions where an MI may occur-septal, anterior, lateral, inferior, and inferobasal (posterior).

Question 7

A 65-year-old man presents with a chief complaint of crushing substernal chest pain that has been present for the past 40 minutes. As you begin your initial assessment of this patient, when should a 12-lead ECG be obtained?

A) Only after administering oxygen, establishing an IV, and performing a thorough physical examination
B) Within 10 minutes of patient contact
C) Only after administering medications to relieve the patient's discomfort
D) Within 30 minutes of patient contact

Accepted Answer

Obtaining and reviewing a 12-lead ECG is part of the initial assessment of the patient presenting with ischemic chest discomfort and important in determining an appropriate treatment plan. Obtain the first 12-lead ECG with 10 minutes of patient contact. Obtain a repeat 12-lead ECG with each set of vital signs, when the patient's symptoms change, and as often as necessary.

Question 8

Which of the following patient groups are most likely to present atypically with an ACS?&#10;A) Women, patients with a family history positive for coronary artery disease, and patients with a sedentary lifestyle&#10;B) Older adults, diabetic individuals, and women&#10;C) Older adults, middle-aged men, and patients with a family history positive for coronary artery disease&#10;D) Diabetic individuals, patients with a history of hypertension, and patients with a sedentary lifestyle

Accepted Answer

Patients experiencing an acute coronary syndrome who are most likely to present atypically include older adults, diabetic individuals, women, patients with prior cardiac surgery, and patients in the immediate postoperative period of noncardiac surgery.

Question 9

The single most common symptom of an MI is:&#10;A) palpitations.&#10;B) a feeling of impending doom.&#10;C) fatigue.&#10;D) chest discomfort.

Accepted Answer

Chest discomfort is the most common symptom of infarction. It is present in 75% to 80% of patients with acute MI.

Question 10

List five examples of anginal equivalent symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List five examples of anginal equivalent symptoms....

Question 11

List five factors that can affect the patient's clinical presentation and outcome associated with an ACS.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List five factors that can affect the...

Question 12

List five common terms that patients use to describe angina.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List five common terms that patients use...

Deck 4: Legal Principles in Nursing