Question 1

Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the criteria of microorganisms causing infection?&#10;A) There must be an agent that has the ability to cause disease&#10;B) It must gain entry to the body of a susceptible host in sufficient numbers to overcome the body's defence mechanism&#10;C) The body must succumb to the infection, and for the spread to be sustained it must leave the organism and spread to another&#10;D) The host has sufficient antibodies against the microorganism that counteracts the microorganism

Accepted Answer

The presence of sufficient antibodies against the microorganism in the host (choice D) does not belong to the criteria for microorganisms causing infection. Instead, it represents the body's defense mechanism to prevent or fight off infection. The other options (A, B, C) describe necessary conditions for a microorganism to cause infection.

Question 2

Which type of precaution/s should be observed to best prevent diseases which are spread through coughing, sneezing or talking or during suctioning?&#10;A) Standard precautions only&#10;B) Standard precautions and contact precaution&#10;C) Standard precautions and droplet precaution&#10;D) Droplet precaution only

Accepted Answer

Standard precautions include practices that apply to the care of all patients, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status, in any setting where healthcare is delivered. These practices are designed to both protect the healthcare worker and prevent the healthcare worker from spreading infections among patients. Droplet precautions are specifically aimed at diseases that are spread through large droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking, and include measures such as wearing masks and face shields. Therefore, combining standard precautions with droplet precautions provides the most comprehensive approach to preventing the spread of diseases transmitted in this manner.

Question 3

Infections that are acquired and detected within 48 hours of hospital admission in patients without previous contact with a healthcare service:&#10;A) Hospital-acquired infection&#10;B) Community-acquired infection&#10;C) Auto-immune infection&#10;D) Hospital-acquired infection and Community-acquired infection

Accepted Answer

Community-acquired infections are those identified at the time of or within 48 hours of hospital admission in patients who have not been recently hospitalized or had regular contact with healthcare services, distinguishing them from hospital-acquired infections.

Question 4

The proper order of chain of infection is:&#10;A) Causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host&#10;B) Causative agent, reservoir, portal of entry, transmission, portal of exit, susceptible host&#10;C) Causative agent, transmission, portal of exit, reservoir, portal of entry, susceptible host&#10;D) Causative agent, transmission, portal of entry reservoir, portal of exit, susceptible host

Accepted Answer

The correct order for the chain of infection is: causative agent (the pathogen), reservoir (where the pathogen lives and multiplies), portal of exit (how the pathogen leaves the reservoir), mode of transmission (how the pathogen is spread), portal of entry (how the pathogen enters a new host), and susceptible host (an individual who can become ill from the pathogen). This sequence is essential for understanding how infections spread and for developing strategies to prevent and control infectious diseases.

Question 5

The passage of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the baby is an example of what type of immunity?&#10;A) Naturally acquired active immunity&#10;B) Artificially acquired active immunity&#10;C) Naturally acquired passive immunity&#10;D) Artificially acquired passive immunity

Accepted Answer

This is an example of naturally acquired passive immunity, where antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, providing the baby with immediate, but temporary, protection against pathogens.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about transmission-based precaution is CORRECT?&#10;A) Allocating a shared room with any infected patient&#10;B) Allowing unrestricted movement of both patients and healthcare workers&#10;C) Using disinfectants effective against the specific infectious agent&#10;D) Allowing patients to use a communal toilet

Accepted Answer

Transmission-based precautions include measures to prevent the spread of diseases that can be transmitted by contact, droplet, or airborne routes. Using disinfectants effective against the specific infectious agent is a key component of these precautions, ensuring that surfaces and equipment are properly sanitized to prevent the spread of infection.

Question 7

One of the oldest diseases known to affect humans which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis:&#10;A) Tuberculosis&#10;B) Meningitis&#10;C) Hepatitis&#10;D) Elephantiasis

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans, with evidence of its presence found in ancient Egyptian mummies.

Question 8

Which among the following is not personal protective equipment?&#10;A) Chemical disinfectants&#10;B) Gloves&#10;C) Mask&#10;D) Apron

Accepted Answer

Chemical disinfectants are not considered personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE refers to wearable equipment designed to protect individuals from exposure to hazardous substances or environments, such as gloves, masks, and aprons. Chemical disinfectants, on the other hand, are substances used to reduce or eliminate microbial presence on surfaces and are not worn for personal protection.

Deck 27: Healthcare-Associated Infections and Infectious Diseases