Deck 4: Traditional and Contemporary Theories of Counseling

Question 1

Which of the following inferential errors is made when a mental health counselor wrongly concludes that the anniversary of the death of a client's loved one is associated with the onset of the client's panic disorder?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) illusory correlation
C) availability heuristic
D) single-cause etiology

Answer 1

illusory correlation

Question 2

A tendency to explain my anger in terms of situational factors whereas explaining my client's anger in terms of his or her personality traits is an illustration of:

A) single-cause etiology
B) availability heuristic
C) fundamental attribution error
D) illusory correlation

Answer 2

fundamental attribution error

Question 3

Which of following theorists is most closely related to the development of psychoanlysis?

A) Skinner
B) Perls
C) Freud
D) Erikson

Answer 3

Freud

Question 4

Psychic energy used to satisfy basic needs for survival and reproduction is referred to in psychoanalytic theory as:

A) death instincts
B) life instincts
C) mechanical energy
D) libido

Question 5

Which of the following structures of personality is a reflection of the values of society and culture as represented to the child by the words and actions of the parents?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) unconscious

Question 6

According to Freud, neurotic anxiety is likely to occur when:

A) an external threat is accurately perceived.
B) one's level of anxiety is proportionate to the level of threat existing in the environment.
C) a threat of disapproval or punishment exists.
D) an unconscious impulse emerges into one's awareness.

Question 7

Which of the following is not true regarding the operation of defense mechanisms?

A) All persons use them.
B) They always involve a denial or distortion of reality.
C) Persons consciously choose to use them.
D) They become pathological when used in excess or to the extreme.

Question 8

The husband accuses his spouse of not loving him when, in fact, it is he who does not love his spouse. Which of the following defense mechanisms does this illustrate?

A) repression
B) projection
C) denial
D) introjection

Question 9

Clients may experience thoughts and feelings toward their counselor that do not fit the reality of the therapeutic relationship, but reflect thoughts and feelings toward significant others from the client's past. This experience is referred to as:

A) transference
B) countertransference
C) interpretation
D) free association

Question 10

Which of the following theorists developed Individual Psychology?

A) Jung
B) Wolpe
C) Maslow
D) Adler

Question 11

Which of the following is not a foundational assumption of the Adlerian perspective?

A) Behavior is goal-oriented and purposeful.
B) Behavior can best be understood by taking an objective perspective that is not tinted by the client's cognitive distortions.
C) Striving for superiority is a core motive for behavior.
D) Personal well-being is found when acting for the general social interest.

Question 12

According to the behavioral perspective, pathological behavior is acquired:

A) through inherited predispositions.
B) as a result of that behavior being modeled in the environment.
C) through the processes of learning.
D) through the operation of instinctual forces.

Question 13

Cognitive therapies assist clients in finding relief from presenting symptoms by:

A) changing specific styles of thinking
B) developing alternative self-statements
C) altering one's self-schema
D) all of the above

Question 14

Rogers believed that all people have the inherent tendency to develop all of their capacities in ways that serve to maintain and enhance the person. This is called:

A) The actualizing tendency
B) genetic predisposition
C) engaging in successful therapy
D) being self-centered

Question 15

When under stress, dyads become unstable and seek the support of a third person. In family therapy, this tendency is called:

A) enmeshment
B) triangulation
C) disengagement
D) emotional fusion

Question 16

Joe has unresolved conflicts with his parents. When he turns 18, he immediately moves out of the family's Midwest home and quickly establishes a relationship with a girl on the west coast with whom he shares an apartment. The process of fleeing from unresolved emotional attachments is referred to by Bowen as:

A) undifferentiated ego mass
B) extreme disengagement
C) emotional cutoff
D) rigid structural hierarchies

Question 17

Choose three of the traditional theories of counseling. Compare and contrast the essential principles, the goals of treatment, and the process and techniques of these three theories.

Question 18

Identify and describe three contemporary trends in the application of counseling theory, and how have they have influenced the practice of clinical mental health counseling?