Deck 4: Effects of Economic Changes and Inequalities on Families

Question 1

An auto repair is an example of a post-industrial economic activity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Factors that combine to limit working-class American families' ability to earn decent wages include plant closures and imports from abroad.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The decline in the manufacturing sector in the 1970s restricted unskilled young men's ability to earn a decent living.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In recent recessions, the male dominated industries sustained fewer job losses than female dominated industries.

Question 5

Despite the increase in two-earner couples, families are not much better off
financially than they were in the 1960s.

Question 6

Overall, the new economy presents a more secure employment and financial environment for families than was the case in the 1950s and 1960s when goods were manufactured.

Question 7

Men and women who work primarily evening shifts report more relationship problems with their spouses than do those with only daytime employment.

Question 8

The two-income family has led to a substantial increase in equality in the household division of labour.

Question 9

Children whose mothers are employed have more negative social outcomes than children of stay-at-home mothers.

Question 10

Purchasing products for the purpose of acquiring a certain status is referred to as conspicuous consumption.

Question 11

Personal causes of poverty include unemployment and low-paid jobs.

Question 12

Canadian Aboriginal peoples have a higher rate of infant mortality and lower life expectancy than other Canadians.

Question 13

The following statement is an example of a sociohistorical source of poverty: Centuries of cultural genocide of Aboriginals explains why this group has higher rates of poverty than do other Canadians.

Question 14

In Sweden, the poverty rate of single mothers is nearly the same as that of married mothers.

Question 15

Children who experience poverty are no more likely to be poor as adults than
children who have never experienced poverty.

Question 16

Globalization has important consequences for the family because

A) governments are less able to improve local employment markets.
B) its end result is to improve local economies.
C) it diminishes corporations' profits.
D) it helps develop inner cities.
E) it creates employment opportunities.

Question 17

A postindustrial economy is characterized by

A) an increase in both manufacturing and service sector jobs.
B) information technology and an increase in service sector jobs.
C) information technology and an increase in manufacturing jobs.
D) early first marriage and large family size.
E) single-earner families.

Question 18

Which of the following industries would be classified as post-industrial?

A) Farming
B) Mining
C) Fishing
D) Tourism
E) Logging

Question 19

What major impact have recent economic changes had on families?

A) More mothers are staying home.
B) There has been a noticeable increase in two-income families.
C) Women are taking on manufacturing type jobs.
D) Social capital for families has increased.
E) The time families spend together has increased.

Question 20

Increased educational requirements

A) results in fewer teen pregnancies.
B) increases the incidence of high school dropouts.
C) leads to early parenthood.
D) contributes to delayed couple formation.
E) contributes to decreasing levels of poverty.

Question 21

Two reasons for why two wages in many two-parent families have become a necessity are:

A) a decline in economic instability, and a decline in consumption.
B) a rise in economic instability, and increased consumption.
C) a rise in economic instability, and a decline in consumption.
D) increased probability of future divorce, and higher fertility rates
E) higher fertility rates, and caring for elderly parents.

Question 22

Research indicates that women who delay childbirth by at least one year past the average age at first birth for their cohorts earn

A) substantially lower salaries.
B) more than their husband.
C) roughly the same salary.
D) substantially higher salaries.
E) less than their husband.

Question 23

Who does the housework when both spouses are employed full-time?

A) Husband and wife both share equally in the housework
B) The wife does more housework than her husband
C) The husband does more housework than his wife.
D) Neither do the housework because they can hire domestic help.
E) Children and retired parents participate do most of the housework.

Question 24

The scenario that comes closest to gender equality in terms of housework occurs when

A) the wife is employed full-time and her spouse is not in the labour force.
B) both spouses are employed full-time.
C) the wife works part-time and her spouse also works part-time.
D) the wife is not in the labour force and her spouse works full-time.
E) the wife works full-time and her spouse works part-time.

Question 25

How do fathers differ from mothers when it comes to caring for their children?

A) fathers spend more 'fun' time with their children.
B) fathers perform more childcare duties when they earn more money than their wives.
C) fathers spend more time disciplining their children than mothers do.
D) fathers spend less leisure time with their children than mothers do.
E) fathers are less likely to assist with childcare when they work part-time.

Question 26

The 'time crunch' refers to

A) the need for mothers to establish careers before having children.
B) the period when children are out of school but parents are not home from work.
C) trying to engage in too many activities in too few hours.
D) getting everyone off to school or work in the morning.
E) establishing quality time with children on days off.

Question 27

Those whose wages are too low to raise their family above the poverty line, as determined by the government, are referred to as

A) the near poor.
B) conspicuously poor
C) disadvantaged.
D) the working poor.
E) low income.

Question 28

A 'Market Basket Measure' is a formula which measures

A) conspicuous consumption.
B) the eating habits of children, based on the Canada Food Guide.
C) the distance suburban families live from grocery stores.
D) the transportation costs of acquiring food in rural areas.
E) how much a family needs to earn in a particular region in order to meet its basic needs.

Question 29

Structural causes of poverty include

A) divorce.
B) single-parent families.
C) pay inequity by gender.
D) small family size.
E) bankruptcy.

Question 30

An example of pay inequity is:

A) minority group members earn as much as whites with similar jobs.
B) women earn less than men with comparable jobs.
C) older persons have difficulty finding jobs.
D) there is a growing gap between rich and poor families.
E) youth primarily work at minimum wage jobs.

Question 31

A reduction in social benefits for families

A) increases the likelihood of poverty.
B) discourage single motherhood.
C) results in mothers having fewer children.
D) reduces unemployment levels.
E) encourages upward social mobility through employment.

Question 32

In terms of poverty _____ explain why Canadian Aboriginals suffer from high unemployment rates, substandard housing conditions, alcoholism, and above average suicide rates.

A) sociohistorical factors
B) structural factors
C) individual shortcomings
D) pay inequities
E) short-term inequalities

Question 33

One possible solution to the problem of Aboriginal poverty that has been tested in several cities is to

A) provide athletic programs on reserves to promote health.
B) provide prenatal programs for Aboriginal teens.
C) encourage more Aboriginals to migrate to urban centres.
D) build more prisons near reserves.
E) provide programs of monetary incentives for youths and their mothers based on school attendance and delayed childbearing.

Question 34

Within two years after a separation or divorce _____ percent of women had experienced a decrease in income.

A) 0 to 5
B) 15 to 20
C) 30 to 35
D) 40 to 45
E) 55 to 60

Question 35

Within two years after a separation or divorce _____ percent of men had
Experienced a decrease in income.

A) 0 to 5
B) 15 to 20
C) 30 to 35
D) 40 to 45
E) 55 to 60

Question 36

As we descend the socioeconomic ladder

A) divorce rates go down.
B) people have a larger social network.
C) children stay in school longer.
D) the number of births to unmarried women increases.
E) families become more dysfunctional.

Question 37

According to American research, the marriage rate goes up for both men and women with each additional _____ that men earn.

A) $1000
B) $2000
C) $3000
D) $4000
E) $5000

Question 38

Single mothers from ethnic minority groups

A) spend a higher percentage of their income on childcare.
B) have seen their incomes increase relative to married women.
C) place their children at higher risk of poverty as a result of employment discrimination.
D) receive child support payments that prevent them from living in poverty.
E) spend more years pursuing post-secondary education than married mothers.

Question 39

Single teen mothers

A) are more or less equally distributed across all social classes.
B) generally end up marrying the child's father.
C) end up on welfare a majority of the time.
D) for the most part, tend to remain with their own mothers.
E) tend to have more than one child outside of marriage.

Question 40

A major reason for why recent immigrant families in Canada have more difficulties making ends meet than older immigrants and Canada-born persons is because

A) The majority of recent immigrants do not have the credentials required to participate in the current labour force.
B) Most of them are temporary visa workers and are thus susceptible to exploitation and the loss of their jobs.
C) Many of them refuse to find work once they arrive in Canada.
D) Language barriers.
E) Most of them suffered from poverty in their country of origin.

Question 41

Some of the consequences of poverty for mothers include

A) having to send their children to college.
B) raising children who are surrounded by appropriate role models.
C) having to move to better areas.
D) raising children in unsafe neighbourhoods and with delinquent peers.
E) raising children without the support of other family members.

Question 42

Mothers who live in areas with high poverty and crime tend are likely to adopt which type of parenting?

A) lenient
B) harsh
C) neglectful
D) timid
E) unstable

Question 43

In some European countries like Sweden, single mothers

A) do not have a much higher poverty rate than married mothers.
B) receive far fewer welfare benefits than Canadian mothers.
C) are on average younger than their Canadian counterparts.
D) do not receive the same social benefits as married mothers.
E) have, on average, more children than Canadian single mothers.

Question 44

Fathers most negatively affected by poverty are those who

A) lack the education to get a well-paying job.
B) are separated or divorced with a low paying job or no job.
C) provide child support on an inadequate income.
D) have children out of wedlock but do not live with them.
E) are unemployed in a two-parent family.

Question 45

Men who cannot contribute to child support

A) negotiate reduced payments.
B) spend more time with their children to compensate for lack of financial support.
C) distance themselves from their children.
D) assist their children and ex-spouse in other ways.
E) engage in criminal activities to get the money.

Question 46

Poverty most negatively affects which type of father?

A) divorced fathers with child support to pay.
B) separated fathers with child support to pay.
C) unemployed married fathers in two-parent families.
D) unemployed single males with no children.
E) ethnic minority married fathers in two-parent families

Question 47

Living in poverty places children at risk for many problems. However, this risk changes depending on

A) whether it is their mother or father who is unemployed.
B) the number of children in the family.
C) the size of their neighbourhoods.
D) the depth of poverty.
E) their educational environment.

Question 48

In general, children who live in poverty for many years

A) are likelier to become delinquent that those for whom poverty begins at an older age.
B) are at a higher risk for school and behavioural problems.
C) are more likely to be motivated to complete college.
D) are at a lower risk for problems when they are younger.
E) will inevitably live in poverty as adults.

Question 49

Which factor can ameliorate the effects of deprivation for a child?

A) having a single mother from an ethnic minority group.
B) having parents who are very religious
C) eating fewer high calorie meals.
D) having a more outgoing temperament.
E) living in a neighbourhood with high crime

Question 50

Structural sources of poverty

A) are impossible to alleviate.
B) make little difference to personal sources of poverty.
C) reinforce personal sources of poverty.
D) are easily alleviated through government programs.
E) only impact on those who are already experiencing poverty.

Question 51

How does the post-industrial economy affect family structure and family life?

Question 52

Critique the following question: Is maternal employment detrimental to children?

Question 53

How can parental employment actually deprive children of social capital?

Question 54

Describe two social policies which contribute to the creation and/or maintenance of family poverty.

Question 55

We have seen that, among the poor, it does not make much of a difference for a single woman if she has a child during adolescence or early adulthood. Then, why do we still find that single motherhood is a cause of poverty?

Question 56

Fathers are affected by poverty differently, depending on the place they occupy in their families of procreation. Explain why this is.