Deck 7: Knowing

Question 1

Which is true of semantic memory?

A) It is the same as episodic memory
B) It includes person's mental encyclopedia and dictionary
C) It does not include language
D) Critically depends on pituitary functioning

Answer 1

It includes person's mental encyclopedia and dictionary

Question 2

"ROBIN is a BIRD" is an example of:

A) A proposition
B) Episodic memory
C) One node
D) Perceptual categorization

Answer 2

A proposition

Question 3

In the Smith et al. (1974) model of semantic memory, the stimulus "CHICKEN is a BIRD" in a sentence verification task will rely on:

A) Stage I comparison
B) Stage II comparison
C) Stage I encoding
D) Stage II encoding

Answer 3

Stage II comparison

Question 4

In the concept of spreading activation, a property statement refers to:

A) The relation between two concepts
B) The fact that X has the property of Y
C) How many nodes are connected to each other
D) How quickly one concept activates another

Question 5

Evidence against cognitive economy was provided by:

A) Conrad
B) Collins & Quillian's hierarchical network model
C) Sentence verification
D) Inheritance

Question 6

"The sheer quantity of information involved... argues strongly that both the human subject's memory and our model thereof contain as little redundancy as possible and that it [should] contain stored facts only when these cannot otherwise be generated or inferred."

A) Cognitive economy
B) Encoding specificity
C) Dual-coding hypothesis
D) Characteristic feature storage

Question 7

Which of the following questioned the "hierarchical" organization of semantic memory?

A) Serial position curve
B) Typicality effects
C) Hierarchical organization
D) Cognitive economy

Question 8

In semantic memory tasks, reaction time is speeded up or judgments are made easier when the concepts are closer together in semantic distance -- that is, when they are more closely related. The effect is reversed when the comparison is false; that is, RT is longer for the comparison "a whale is a fish" vs. "a whale is a bird."

A) Superordinate effect
B) Semantic Relatedness effect
C) Subordinate effect
D) Hampton priming

Question 9

In a lexical decision task, words that were semantically related to each other were responded to ________ than words that were not related.

A) Faster
B) Slower
C) No differently
D) It depended on whether or not they began with the same letter

Question 10

Rosch presented members of the Dani tribe in New Guinea with chips of different colours as stimuli. She reported finding evidence for:

A) Perceptual categories
B) Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis
C) Automaticity in priming
D) P300 facilitation

Question 11

Rosch claimed that membership in a category is:

A) Defined by similar features
B) Yes/no, all-or-none
C) A matter of degree
D) Based purely on perceptual properties

Question 12

In semantic memory, the groupings or clusters of objects and concepts that occur naturally in the world (that is, groups of objects that resemble one another and share common features and uses, as distinct from artificial categories such as MAMMAL, which rely on a technical definition for category membership):

A) Feature list
B) Typicality
C) Prototyping
D) Natural categories

Question 13

In semantic memory, a characteristic of natural categories in which the boundary of category membership is indistinct:

A) Feature list
B) Fuzzy boundary
C) Indistinct prototyping
D) Natural category separation function

Question 14

Which is a principle proposed to contribute to classification and categorization?

A) Gender influences
B) Type II class action
C) Socio-economic status
D) Modularity

Question 15

The proper term for the advantage in processing a target stimulus, relative to a neutral condition, that can be attributed to the processing of another, usually congruent, stimulus:

A) Benefit
B) Typicality
C) Prototyping
D) Stroop

Question 16

Loftus & Loftus (1974) report a priming experiment using prime-target pairs with a prime-target delay of either 0 msec or 2500 msec. They also performed cross-trial priming with a lag of zero or two. Which of the following did they find?

A) Related primes produced facilitation
B) Repeating categories reduced facilitation
C) Priming effects decreased with increasing SOA
D) Priming effects increased with lag

Question 17

Which is the most recent model of semantic memory?

A) Anomicaphasia
B) Collins & Quillian's semantic network model
C) Collins & Quillian's hierarchical model
D) Smith's feature list model

Question 18

Which of the following is true?

A) Semantic priming cannot occur in the absence of conscious awareness of prime identity.
B) Priming is always a very controlled and difficult mental process
C) Semantic memory is organized according to semantic relatedness among concepts. Both automatic and controlled processing can be implicated in priming.
D) Regardless of SOA, implicit priming will overwhelm explicit priming.

Question 19

Which of the following is an advantage of connectionist models?

A) Massive parallel functions allow us to extrapolate beyond what computers can model.
B) Processing occurs in sequence rather than simultaneously
C) The nodes can only represent specific kinds of information, for example, complex features (e.g., has wings, red breast, can fly, ...).
D) They are structurally similar to the network of neurons in the brain

Question 20

According to Paivio, which of the following would be the most difficult to remember?

A) Freedom
B) Baseball
C) Canadian flag
D) Northern lights

Question 21

The concept of ________ was a central property of Collin's and Quillian's original network model, but was not included in the later model of spreading activation.

A) Semantic relatedness
B) Spreading properties
C) Cognitive economy
D) Natural categories

Question 22

A fundamental principle of connectionist models is that:

A) The nodes that make up the system are interconnected
B) The network learns by a process of trial and error
C) No interference occurs between learning one concept and a later concept
D) Multiple processes occur sequentially

Question 23

A theoretical perspective in which different abilities, characteristics, type of cognitive processes, and so forth are theorized to be represented in separate components or modules in memory:

A) Individual differences
B) Comprehensive function
C) Modularity
D) Hemispheric speciation

Question 24

The differences between connectionist and modular approaches to the mind are well established.

Question 25

The process of categorization is guided by semantic relatedness and category structure.

Question 26

In a sentence verification task, "a canary can sing"
is verified faster than "a canary has skin".

Question 27

In connectionist models, individual units are similar to those in the brain.

Question 28

________ approaches to categorization suggest that we determine what the typical member of a category is by abstracting this from known examples. By contrast, ________ theories argue that we simply store examples in memory, then make categorization judgments by comparing the object to be classified to the stored sample.

Question 29

________ is a disruption of word finding or retrieval caused by injury to the brain.

Question 30

________ is a theoretical perspective in which different abilities, characteristics, type of cognitive processes, and so forth are theorized to be represented in separate components or modules in memory.

Question 31

Describe Posner and Keele's prototype study in which they used simple random patterns made of dots.

Question 32

Imagine that you've run an experiment to test Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model of
semantic memory. When you analyze the data, you realize that participants were able to verify the statement "A canary is a bird" considerably faster than the statement "An ostrich is a bird." Does this cause a problem for their original model? Briefly explain your reasoning, including the name of the effect your finding represents.

Question 33

The double dissociations in living things and nonliving things observed among some patients with semantic memory impairments does not necessarily mean that semantic memory is organized into these two categories. What is the more likely explanation?

Question 34

Name and describe the four frequently mentioned advantages of using connectionism to study cognition.