Deck 30: Animal Movement

Question 1

Which of the following statements about movement is true?

A) Once contracted, a muscle must be extended by an external force.
B) Muscle cells are involved in all forms of locomotion.
C) Muscle cells are specialised for elongation.
D) Flagella are muscles used by some smaller animals for locomotion.
E) All movement is muscular.

Answer 1

Once contracted, a muscle must be extended by an external force.

Question 2

Which of these forms of locomotion does NOT involve movement of antagonistic pairs of muscles?

A) Jet propulsion in cephalopods
B) Peristalsis in earthworms
C) Undulatory swimming in fishes
D) Ciliary propulsion in flatworms
E) Rowing in water beetles

Answer 2

Ciliary propulsion in flatworms

Question 3

For animals of the same mass, which would be the most energetically efficient form of transport?

A) Swimming
B) Running
C) Hopping
D) Flying
E) Rowing

Answer 3

Swimming

Question 4

Cilia and flagella

A) are involved in non-muscular locomotion.
B) are moved by muscles at their bases.
C) beat independently of each other.
D) work by contraction of circular muscles.
E) are the agents of locomotion in peristalsis.

Question 5

Animals that are positively buoyant

A) can hover in midwater.
B) tend to sink at rest.
C) tend to rise at rest.
D) need to expend energy to stay afloat.
E) often increase drag by long extensions of the body.

Question 6

All of the following are adaptations to compensate for an animal being more dense than water EXCEPT

A) swim bladders.
B) gas-filled chambers.
C) fins as hydrofoils.
D) large lipid containing internal organs.
E) jet propulsion.

Question 7

In squids, the visceral mass is surrounded by a thick, muscular fold of the body wall called the mantle. The mantle also encloses a cavity, which contains the gills and opens directly to the external environment just behind the head. Squids move by drawing water into the mantle and then forcefully expelling it, which accelerates the animal in the opposite direction.
The mantle has two opposing sets of muscles; radial muscles, which extend from the inner to the outer edge of the mantle, and circular muscle, which wraps around the circumference of the mantle, perpendicular to the radial muscles. Contracting the circular muscle decreases the diameter of the mantle cavity. Contracting the radial muscles decreases the thickness of the mantle.
In jet propulsion in a squid, when water is forced out of the mantle cavity, you would expect

A) that both circular muscle and radial muscles would be contracted.
B) that both circular muscle and radial muscles would be relaxed.
C) contracted circular muscle and relaxed radial muscles.
D) the order of contraction is dependent on the direction in which the squid travels.
E) contracted radial muscles and relaxed circular muscle.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about flight is true?

A) Lift is produced to counteract drag.
B) Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of movement.
C) Lift and drag are independent of the angle of attack.
D) Low aspect ratio wings produce the most lift for the least amount of drag.
E) Upward flight requires that the downward pull of gravity be balanced by lift force.

Question 9

Gliding flight is different from normal flapping flight in that

A) most of the lift is generated by the upstroke.
B) both downstroke and upstroke generate large amounts of lift.
C) the wings are held close to the body on the downstroke to reduce drag.
D) it requires thermals to remain airborne.
E) gliding flight is energetically more efficient.

Question 10

Forest bats are generally small and forage for flying insects among the trees by night. You would expect forest bats to have the following wing characteristics:

A) high wing loading and high aspect ratio.
B) low wing loading and relatively short, broad wings.
C) low wing loading and relatively long, thin wings.
D) high wing loading and low aspect ratio.
E) high wing loading, and relatively short, broad wings.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is false? Amoeboid movement involves

A) cytoplasmic streaming.
B) extension of pseudopodia.
C) conversion of ectoplasm to endoplasm.
D) peristalsis.
E) conversion of endoplasm to ectoplasm.

Question 12

What major advantage is the evolution of legs to animals?

A) Stability during locomotion
B) A high centre of mass
C) Reduction in friction during locomotion
D) Provision of muscle attachment points
E) Provision of support for the body during movement

Question 13

Movement by pedal waves and by peristalsis are similar in that both

A) involve waves of muscular contraction.
B) involve ciliary propulsion.
C) are efficient forms of locomotion for burrowing animals.
D) involve alternative contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles.
E) are forms of crawling.

Question 14

Which of the following animals has the most energetically efficient locomotion, as measured by the metabolic cost of transport (the relative amount of energy expended in moving the same mass over the same distance)?

A) Insects
B) Birds
C) Humans
D) Elephants
E) Cheetahs

Question 15

Hydrostatic skeletons, endoskeletons and exoskeletons all

A) are composed of living tissue.
B) are replaced periodically as the animal grows and develops.
C) provide support and give form to the body.
D) have attachment sites for muscles.
E) provide protection from predators.

Question 16

Muscles important in maintaining posture contain a high proportion of slow oxidative (type 1) muscle fibres. Compared to other types of muscle fibres, type 1 muscle fibres

A) fatigue easily.
B) have more mitochondria.
C) have fewer capillaries.
D) have low myoglobin content.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 17

Which of the following is, in general, an advantage of endoskeletons over exoskeletons?

A) Endoskeletons provide protection from predators.
B) Endoskeletons reduce the risk of desiccation.
C) Endoskeletons are capable of continuous growth and adaptive change.
D) Endoskeletons have moveable joints.
E) Endoskeletons enable the attachment of muscle fibres.

Question 18

What is the main function of synovial fluid in joints?

A) Determination of the range of movement
B) Repair of damaged cartilage
C) Control of inflammation after injury
D) Lubrication of the articulating surfaces
E) Attachment of ligaments to maintain structure

Question 19

In animals of the same shape, which of the following relationships is correct?
A = cross-sectional area of limb bones
L = linear dimensions
M = body mass

A) A is directly proportional to L³.
B) M is directly proportional to L².
C) A is directly proportional to L².
D) M is directly proportional to L.
E) A is directly proportional to L.

Question 20

Human sprinters start a race from a crouched position because

A) bone is strongest when loaded this way.
B) a flexed-limb posture reduces the energy cost of standing.
C) animals with a flexed-limb resting posture can produce rapid acceleration.
D) animals with highly flexed limbs have improved manoeuvrability.
E) a flexed limb is more easily moved than a rigid limb.

Question 21

If the human forearm is regarded as a lever, which of the following is the fulcrum?

A) The upper arm muscle (biceps)
B) The forearm bone (radius)
C) The elbow joint
D) The wrist joint
E) The upper arm bone (humerus)

Question 22

Which of the following structures does NOT shorten during contraction of skeletal muscle?

A) Myofilament
B) Muscle fibre
C) Sarcomere
D) Myofibril
E) All of these structures shorten during contraction.

Question 23

When a muscle is in its resting state Ca²⁺ ions are

A) bound to troponin.
B) found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C) attached to the heads of myosin molecules.
D) stored within the sarcoplasm.
E) bound to actin fibres.

Question 24

The following events occurring during the cycle of contraction in a skeletal muscle fibre.
1) A molecule of ATP binds to a myosin head.
2) A molecule of ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and P_i.
3 )An actin filament is pulled towards the centre of the sarcomere.
4 )A myosin head rotates into its high energy conformation.
5 )A cross-bridge forms.
Which of the following is the correct sequence for these events?

A) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3.
B) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3.
C) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4.
D) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3.
E) 5, 4, 1, 3, 2.

Question 25

A poison that caused muscle cells to remain in a contracted state could act by preventing the

A) release of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) uncovering of active sites on the actin filaments.
C) formation of cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments.
D) the binding of actin to myosin.
E) return of Ca²⁺ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 26

The amount of force a muscle fibre can produce is related to the

A) diameter of the myosin filaments.
B) extent that the sarcomeres shorten.
C) density of the myofibrils.
D) the distance between the Z-discs.
E) length of the actin filaments.

Question 27

Muscles obtain energy from

A) ATP stored in muscle cells at rest.
B) glycogen and creatine phosphate.
C) glycogen during intense exercise.
D) ATP stored as creatine phosphate.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

Whole muscles produce graded responses by

A) individual fibres varying the degree of their response.
B) varying frequency of action potentials in motor neurons and the number of fibres being stimulated.
C) varying the number of skeletal vs smooth muscle contracting.
D) variation in the motor neuron response.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

Locomotion, a characteristic of animal life,

A) is necessary to find food.
B) is dependent on muscular contraction.
C) is essential to animal life.
D) requires a force to be exerted on the surrounding environment.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Sharks do not have a swim bladder, and counteract the tendency to sink by

A) secreting gas into the body cavity to provide buoyancy.
B) active movement of the tail muscles to produce upward force.
C) adjusting body volume by taking in water.
D) using the pectoral fins as a hydrofoil to produce dynamic lift.
E) increased body fat which adds to buoyancy.

Question 31

Rowing is a type of locomotion in which

A) the forceful contraction of circular muscles expels water rapidly in one direction to accelerate the animal in the opposite direction.
B) cilia produce a power stroke by bending at the base.
C) a lateral, side-to-side sweep of the tail is used to accelerate the animal forward.
D) trunk musculature and dorsal and ventral fins is used to move water in a backward direction.
E) limbs move backwards and forwards and push against the surrounding water and effectively move water backward.

Question 32

Animals that fly

A) use muscle-powered wings capable of sustained flight.
B) are required to produce a lift force as the air passes over the wings to overcome the effect of gravity.
C) produce lift force in the direction of their movement to enable flight.
D) create an aerofoil effect where the air moves faster over the lower surface of the wing to provide upward movement.
E) overcome the drag force of the air by increasing the angle of attack of the wing to more than 20 $\degree$ .

Question 33

Gliding

A) is essentially non-powered flight.
B) is dependent on the body weight and the wing span.
C) leads to loss of height.
D) may be used for rapid movement to capture prey.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

Flight is an important means of locomotion for many animals. Which of the following statements about flight is INCORRECT?

A) In most birds, it is the downstroke of the wings during powered-flight that creates most of the useful lift.
B) During powered flight, the upstroke of the wings simply returns the wing to a position for the next downstroke.
C) Birds with low wing loading are very agile and able to easily change direction.
D) Hovering is energetically favourable as it allows the animal to remain in the same position.
E) Active flight is extremely energy-demanding, but for a given body mass is more efficient than walking.

Question 35

Measurement of oxygen consumption is used to determine the use of metabolic energy for locomotion. For animals of the same mass, which of the following is the most efficient means of locomotion?

A) Swimming
B) Walking
C) Flying
D) Hopping
E) Running

Question 36

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Animals with four or more feet in contact with the ground are more stable than animals with two feet.
B) Squat animals with outstretched limbs are more stable than tall animals.
C) To ensure stability when walking, limbs move in a precise sequence dependent on the number of legs and the speed of the animal.
D) Precise coordination of leg movements is required to prevent multilegged animals from 'tripping-over' their own legs.
E) Limbs of squat animals project away from the body to ensure stability although this compromises the ability to move.

Question 37

In large, multicellular organisms, what is a function of cilia in addition to moving fluids within their bodies and/or across their surfaces?

A) To move through fluids such as water
B) Thermal regulation
C) Response to various tropisms
D) Regulation of electrochemical gradients across cellular membranes.
E) Moving physical material within the body

Question 38

What would be the outcome if an arthropod with an exoskeleton lacked an outer epicuticle?

A) It would lack tanned chitin.
B) Joint movement, and therefore mobility, would be compromised.
C) Its exoskeleton would become too heavy.
D) It would no longer be able to control the movement of water through its exoskeleton.
E) Its exoskeleton would become too thin.

Question 39

How do bones lengthen and thicken as individual mammals grow and develop?

A) Via appositional deposition of new bone beneath the periosteum
B) By continual flaking and layering of osseous tissue
C) By creating and filling tiny fractures throughout bones in a controlled, systematic manner
D) Via directional adsorption of new bone in a radial pattern
E) By acidification of osseous tissue, allowing it to stretch and lengthen

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT an effect of old age on human skeletal muscles?

A) Increase in motor unit size
B) Reduction of muscle fibre size
C) Reduction of muscle fibre number
D) Preferential loss of Type I fibres
E) Reduction in muscle contraction speed

Question 41

When the density of water is greater than the density of an organism, that organism will

A) rise.
B) neither rise nor sink.
C) sink.
D) expand.
E) contract.

Question 42

Some scallops and file shells can close their shells rapidly to eject water. This is an example of what type of movement?

A) Rowing.
B) Jet propulsion.
C) Undulation.
D) Underwater flying.
E) Aquatic crawling.

Question 43

An aeronautical engineer is struggling with the aerodynamics of a prototype aircraft and consults you for advice as to why his prototype struggles to stay airborne. His plane has a large aspect ratio and the angle of attack is 30 $\degree$ . Using your knowledge of flight, what would you advise the engineer?

A) Retain the aspect ratio, increase the angle of attack
B) Reduce the aspect ratio, retain the angle of attack
C) Reduce the aspect ratio, decrease the angle of attack
D) Reduce the aspect ratio, increase the angle of attack
E) Retain the aspect ratio, decrease the angle of attack

Question 44

In segmented worms that move via peristaltic contractions, each segment is comprised of a

A) variable volume fluid filled chamber.
B) constant-volume fluid filled chamber.
C) ciliated vesicle that rapidly adjusts fluid kinetics.
D) chitinous shell with a water-permeable epicuticle.
E) gas filled chamber.

Question 45

If you lengthen a cylindrical compartment of an organism with a hydrostatic skeleton, the compartment will

A) increase in diameter.
B) decrease in volume.
C) increase in volume.
D) decrease in diameter.
E) have an unchanged diameter.