Deck 4: Individual Variations

Question 1

A person's intelligence can be evaluated directly when a variety of intelligence tests are used.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Most experts agree that intelligence is best defined as a person's verbal ability and problem-solving skills.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The decision to place a student in a class for students who are mentally retarded should not be based on the results of a single group intelligence test.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most experts agree that genetics (rather than environment) determines a child's intelligence.

Question 5

Parents and teachers can enhance the development of a child's intelligence by exposing the child to an enriching environment.

Question 6

Since the turn of the 20 th century, children's scores on IQ tests have decreased dramatically.

Question 7

Though, on average, white American school children score 10 to 15 points higher on IQ tests than African American children, approximately 20 percent of African American children score higher than do half of all white school children.

Question 8

The standards for early IQ tests were based primarily on white, middle-class children.

Question 9

Binet developed the concept of mental age (MA).

Question 10

In 1912, Binet created the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ), which refers to an individual's mental age divided by his or her chronological age and multiplied by 100.

Question 11

People who have general intelligence do not have specific intellectual abilities.

Question 12

Howard Gardner is considering including existential intelligence, which involves concern and reasoning about meaning in life.

Question 13

A student's style of learning is typically consistent across schools, grades, and subjects.

Question 14

The impulsive student has trouble locating relevant information from a field of irrelevant information.

Question 15

The concept of person-situation interaction states that the best way to characterize an individual's personality is not in terms of personal traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation involved.

Question 16

A child with a difficult temperament who lacks self-control is at a reduced risk for having problems as an adolescent.

Question 17

A child's tendency to focus on the outer world of people versus the inner world of ideas can be assessed using which of the following dichotomies of the Myers-Briggs Inventory?

A) Sensing/intuiting
B) Thinking/feeling
C) Judging/perceiving
D) Extraversion/introversion

Question 18

A child who is an introvert would most likely do which of the following?

A) Enjoy spending time alone
B) Criticize other people without attempting to understand their points of view
C) Gather extensive amounts of information before taking action
D) Be sociable and affectionate

Question 19

A child's tendency to analyze problems systematically and in an organized manner reflects which of the "big five" factors of personality?

A) Openness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Extraversion
D) Agreeableness

Question 20

An easy child is one who

A) is generally in a positive mood
B) quickly establishes regular routines.
C) easily adapts to new experiences.
D) All of these

Question 21

The current classification of temperament now focuses more on which of the following?

A) Extraversion/surgency
B) Negative affectivity
C) Effortful control
D) All of these

Question 22

A slow-to-warm-up child is likely to do which of the following?

A) Be somewhat negative
B) Show high levels of movement
C) Be in a good mood most of the time
D) Adapt quickly to new situations

Question 23

Mr. Murphy is weary of labeling children in his class as "difficult." Which of the following best explains Mr. Murphy's concern?

A) A child's temperament should never be determined.
B) "Difficult" children always have low IQs.
C) Labeling a child as difficult has the danger of becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) None of these

Question 24

Stella exhibits anxiousness, insecurity, and often feels sorry for herself. Which of the "big five" factors of personality best explains Stella?

A) Openness
B) Neuroticism
C) Extraversion
D) Agreeableness

Question 25

A student who is extraverted would most accurately be described as which of the following?

A) Careful, organized, and disciplined
B) Sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate
C) Calm, secure, and self-satisfied
D) Imaginative, interested in variety, and independent

Question 26

Albert is described as enjoying the company of other people. He is very affectionate and high-spirited, and has many friends. Which of the following best describes Albert?

A) Practical
B) Neurotic
C) Introverted
D) Extraverted

Question 27

Mr. Henderson notices that in his class, the most popular students tend to be the ones that possess certain characteristics. All of them enjoy being around others and are friendly and lively. The popular students in Mr. Henderson's class can be classified as which of the following?

A) Practical
B) Neurotic
C) Introverted
D) Extraverted

Question 28

Ms. Charleston is aware of the students in her class that can be trusted. These students are also reliable and very orderly. The students that Ms. Charleston is describing are which of the following?

A) Agreeable
B) Conscientious
C) Introverted
D) Extraverted

Question 29

Rena is sensitive, trusting, and supportive. She would most likely be classified as being which of the following?

A) Agreeable
B) Conscientious
C) Introverted
D) Extraverted

Question 30

Quentin tends to reach negatively, has aggressive tendencies, lacks self-will, and does not accept new experiences rapidly. He would most likely be classified as being which of the following?

A) An easy child
B) A difficult child
C) A slow-to-warm-up child
D) An extravert

Question 31

Kyle is somewhat negative, shows low flexibility, has a low movement level, and displays a low strength of mood. She would most likely be classified as being which of the following?

A) An easy child
B) A difficult child
C) A slow-to-warm-up child
D) An extravert

Question 32

Mona is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and easily adapts to new experiences. She would most likely be classified as being which of the following?

A) An easy child
B) A difficult child
C) A slow-to-warm-up child
D) An extravert

Question 33

Mrs. Jonas notices that in her pre-kindergarten classroom when she changes the daily routine some children adapt very well, but others do not. In fact, it may sometimes take a long period of time to get some children to adapt to a routine again. What is Mrs. Jonas observing?

A) Differences in intelligence levels
B) Differences in parenting styles
C) Differences in temperament levels
D) None of these

Question 34

In comparison to impulsive students, reflective students will most likely be more successful at which of the following?

A) Reorganizing and restructuring information
B) Memorizing facts presented in the form of a lecture
C) Making decisions quickly
D) Building comfortable interpersonal relationships

Question 35

Reflective students are most likely to be successful at which of the following?

A) Disentangling relevant information from irrelevant information
B) Memorizing facts presented in the form of a lecture
C) Making decisions quickly
D) Building comfortable interpersonal relationships

Question 36

A student with the reflective style of learning would most likely display which of the following behaviors?

A) Making frequent mistakes when answering questions on an exam
B) Taking longer than most students to answer a question during class
C) Starting arguments with students who have different points of view
D) Preferring to work in small groups rather than independently

Question 37

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping impulsive students become more reflective?

A) Give exams with a strict time limit for completion
B) Compliment students when they solve problems quickly
C) Expect students to complete homework in a timely manner
D) Ask students to think carefully before responding to questions

Question 38

A student with a deep learning style is best described as which of the following?

A) A student who learns only what needs to be learned for an exam or assignment
B) A student who answers questions quickly and accurately
C) A student who connects ideas and fits information into a larger framework
D) A student who lacks self-confidence and speaks quietly when asked to answer aloud

Question 39

A student with which of the following combinations of styles would most likely perform best in school?

A) Impulsive and shallow styles of thinking and learning
B) Impulsive and deep styles of thinking and learning
C) Reflective and shallow styles of thinking and learning
D) Reflective and deep styles of thinking and learning

Question 40

Aliah is the type of student who actively constructs what she learns; she gives meaning to what she has to remember; and she always strives for the understanding of material. Which of the following learning styles describes Aliah best?

A) Deep
B) Surface
C) Impulsive
D) Reflective

Question 41

Delile simply studies what needs to be learned; she often memorizes everything using rote learning and often learns passively. Which of the following learning styles describes Delile best?

A) Deep
B) Surface
C) Impulsive
D) Reflective

Question 42

Mrs. Fulmor is frustrated with the students in her class who are passive learners; they seem to be motivated to learn only if she provides positive feedback or if she promises them an external reward. Mrs. Fulmor is having trouble with the students who are demonstrating which learning style?

A) Deep
B) Surface
C) Impulsive
D) Reflective

Question 43

Mr. Pitansi notices that some of his students take a constructivist approach to learning and are self- motivated. Which learning styles are Mr. Pitansi's students demonstrating?

A) Deep
B) Surface
C) Impulsive
D) Reflective

Question 44

Mrs. McNaty is delighted that some students in her class set their own learning goals, concentrate on relevant information, and learn effectively. Which learning style are Mrs. McNaty's students demonstrating?

A) Deep
B) Surface
C) Impulsive
D) Reflective

Question 45

Christy is very quick to respond, oftentimes getting the answer wrong. She is so busy reacting hastily that she misses relevant information and thus tends to learn ineffectively. Which learning style is Christy demonstrating?

A) Deep
B) Surface
C) Impulsive
D) Reflective

Question 46

Miguel is good at remembering structured information, reading comprehension, and text interpretation. He also excels at problem solving and decision making. This is all due to Miguel's ____________ learning style.

A) deep
B) surface
C) impulsive
D) reflective

Question 47

Binet's 1905 scale was developed for which of the following purposes?

A) To determine whether students should be promoted to the next-highest grade level
B) To evaluate the effectiveness of various teaching methods
C) To assist high school students in selecting career options
D) To identify children who were unable to learn in regular school classrooms

Question 48

Which of the following statements best describes William Stern's (1912) concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A) Comparison of a person's mental age with the mental age of other individuals of the same chronological age
B) Comparison of a person's chronological age with the chronological age of other individuals with the same mental age
C) Comparison of a person's mental age with his or her own chronological age
D) Comparison of a person's mental age with the scores on a standardized exam

Question 49

According to William Stern's definition of intelligence quotient (IQ), which of the following formulas would be used to calculate the IQ of a 7-year-old in second grade with a mental age of 8?

A) 7/8 × 100
B) 8/7 × 100
C) 7/2 × 100
D) 2/7 × 100

Question 50

In a normal distribution of Stanford-Binet IQ scores, approximately two-thirds of the IQ scores fall within which of the following ranges?

A) Between an IQ of 75 and 85
B) Between an IQ of 85 and 95
C) Between an IQ of 75 and 100
D) Between an IQ of 84 and 116

Question 51

In a normal distribution of Stanford-Binet IQ scores, approximately how many individuals have an IQ greater than 132?

A) 1 in 10
B) 1 in 50
C) 1 in 150
D) 1 in 300

Question 52

Which of the following is a primary advantage of assessing student intelligence on an individual basis rather than using group intelligence tests?

A) Individual student scores can be compared to standardized scores.
B) The test can be administered to a large number of students in a very short period of time.
C) Testing conditions can be standardized so that all students experience the same conditions.
D) The examiner can establish a rapport with the student and determine the student's level of anxiety.

Question 53

Which of the following is a primary advantage of using group intelligence tests rather than assessing student intelligence on an individual basis?

A) Individual student scores can be compared to standardized scores.
B) The test can be administered to a large number of students in a short period of time.
C) Testing conditions can be standardized so that all students experience the same conditions.
D) The examiner can establish a rapport with the student.

Question 54

Which of the following statements best describes Robert J. Sternberg's (1986) triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) Intelligence is a composite of three abilities: writing, mathematics, and spatial.
B) A person's level of intelligence changes at the end of three critical periods: infancy, early childhood, and adolescence.
C) Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.
D) Intelligence is derived from nature, nurture, and a combination of the two.

Question 55

According to Robert J. Sternberg, conventional schooling tends to favor students with strengths in which of the following areas of intelligence?

A) Creative
B) Social
C) Practical
D) Analytical

Question 56

All of the following skills are included in Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence except:

A) Musical skills
B) Spatial skills
C) Scientific skills
D) Interpersonal skills

Question 57

All of the following skills are included in Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence except:

A) Mathematical skills
B) Movement skills
C) Imaginative skills
D) Intrapersonal skills

Question 58

Students with higher emotional intelligence will most likely exhibit which of the following behaviors?

A) View situations from others' perspectives
B) Difficulty in controlling anger
C) Frequent mood swings
D) Regular misunderstandings in relationships

Question 59

All of the following scenarios depict a misuse of multiple intelligences in the classroom except:

A) Every subject can be effectively taught in eight different ways to correspond to the eight intelligences.
B) Computers can be used to conduct a social studies pen pal project, which will enhance students' interpersonal skills.
C) Playing music in the background while working on math problems will enhance students' musical intelligence.
D) Students need opportunities for movement, so calling out random exercises throughout the day will not only meet their needs to move but also enhance bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.

Question 60

A culture-fair intelligence test is best described as an intelligence test that is

A) designed to favor one cultural group over another.
B) designed to be free of cultural bias.
C) administered to children of all cultural groups.
D) administered to children in a limited number of cultural groups.

Question 61

Due to time limits, language differences, and different cultural values and experiences, Sternberg and his colleagues (2008) have concluded that there are only

A) culture-reduced tests.
B) culture-fair tests.
C) stereotypical tests.
D) Flynn effect tests.

Question 62

Some studies have confirmed the existence of stereotype threat. According to this research, which of the following statements is true?

A) African American students do better on standardized tests when they are told that ethnic minorities author the tests.
B) Hispanic girls do better on standardized tests than Hispanic boys because the tests are biased against Hispanic boys.
C) African American students do more poorly on standardized tests if they believe they are being evaluated, but they perform as well as white students if they believe the tests "don't count."
D) Asian American students do better on standardized tests if they know that the tests are not culturally biased.

Question 63

"Tracking" is best described as which of the following?

A) A way of organizing students into ability levels, thus making it easier to teach them
B) A way of organizing students based on common interests, thus increasing student motivation
C) A form of career planning based primarily on students' intelligence scores
D) A form of career planning based primarily on the students' skills and interests

Question 64

The "nongraded program" of between-class ability grouping is best described as which of the following?

A) Classes in which student progress is not assessed and grades are not assigned
B) Classes in which students are grouped according to ability regardless of age or grade level
C) A philosophy of assessing students using descriptive evaluations rather than letter grades
D) A style of teaching in which students work independently to complete specific objectives

Question 65

Which of the following provides the best description of between-class ability grouping?

A) Students are sorted into tracks based on IQ tests from the previous year.
B) Classrooms are designed so children of different socioeconomic classes can interact freely.
C) Students in a single class are divided into groups based on ability for one subject each day.
D) Students with differing abilities work together in a group so students can assist each other.

Question 66

Which of the following provides the best description of within-class ability grouping?

A) Students are sorted into tracks based on IQ tests from the previous year.
B) Classrooms are designed so children of different socioeconomic classes can interact freely.
C) Students in a single class are divided into groups based on ability for one subject each day.
D) Students with differing abilities work together in a group so students can assist each other.

Question 67

Advocates of the concept of general intelligence (g) point to which of the following as evidence of its importance in discussions of intelligence?

A) Scores on tests of general intelligence are substantially correlated with low socioeconomic status.
B) Scores on tests of general intelligence are substantially correlated with entry-level, low paying jobs.
C) Scores on tests of general intelligence are substantially correlated with socioemotional health.
D) Scores on tests of general intelligence are substantially correlated with school grades and achievement test performance.

Question 68

Which of the following individuals proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence, which states that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical?

A) Alfred Binet
B) William Stern
C) Robert Sternberg
D) Charles Spearman

Question 69

Trina does not score well on conventional tests but has excellent social skills, good common sense, and good problem-solving skills. In which of the following forms of intelligence does Trina seem to excel?

A) Analytical intelligence
B) Creative intelligence
C) Practical intelligence
D) None of these

Question 70

Which of the following students best illustrates creative intelligence, according to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) Jamal scores high on state-mandated math and reading standardized tests.
B) Instead of writing a conventional book report as the teacher instructed, Sierra interviews several students and writes a book review.
C) Ming is easily distracted in class, but is well liked by his peers and often called upon to settle disputes.
D) Maria enjoys listening to lectures and taking thorough notes.

Question 71

According to the textbook, what is the Joplin plan?

A) A plan for teachers that educate students with behavior disorders
B) A plan that teachers use to group children according to ability across grade levels
C) A law that enables children with disabilities to be placed in regular education classes
D) A plan that allows teachers to group children according to ability within a grade

Question 72

The Key School involves educational applications of which of the work of the following individuals?

A) David Wechsler
B) Howard Gardner
C) Robert Sternberg
D) William Stern

Question 73

Theresa always seems to know what other people are thinking and feeling. She is always sought after by her peers to help them with personal and relationship problems. In which type of intelligence does Theresa excel?

A) Emotional intelligence
B) Relationship intelligence
C) Spatial intelligence
D) Naturalist intelligence

Question 74

Which of the following descriptions of students reveals the greatest level of practical intelligence, as proposed by Sternberg?

A) Judy earned a perfect score on a standardized test that was recently administered to her class.
B) Marco received an A in science each semester during his first year of high school.
C) Antonia designed a hot-air balloon using equipment from her kitchen at home.
D) Geraldo won the spelling bee at his school.

Question 75

When examining the distribution of scores from the Stanford-Binet IQ test, a cumulative percentage of 50 percent is equivalent to which of the following IQ scores?

A) 50
B) 75
C) 100
D) 150

Question 76

Which of the following activities would most likely help a student develop his or her movement skills?

A) Competing in a chess tournament
B) Performing in a ballet
C) Designing a hiking shoe
D) Discussing sports with classmates

Question 77

Which of the following activities would most likely help a student develop his or her interpersonal skills?

A) Designing a science project to investigate plant growth under various conditions
B) Presenting a solo performance on the violin
C) Volunteering to serve food at a local homeless shelter
D) Reading about the French Revolution

Question 78

Which of the following activities would provide the best opportunity for a student to develop his or her verbal skills?

A) Reading aloud to others
B) Playing games of logic
C) Attending a performance of ballet
D) Drawing a map of the classroom

Question 79

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of within-class ability grouping?

A) Students from one class divide into three small groups for reading.
B) Students from the entire fourth grade are reshuffled into different classrooms for math.
C) Students from the entire third grade are combined into one class for physical education.
D) All students in the elementary school have lunch at the same time.

Question 80

Lily is 10 years old. Her mental age is the same as her chronological age. According to the 1912 definition of IQ, what is Lily's IQ?

A) 150
B) 190
C) 80
D) 100.