Deck 6: Gender and Delinquency

Question 1

Meda Chesney-Lind claims that the study of delinquency is ________.

A) biased toward minorities
B) preoccupied with violent crimes
C) gender biased
D) preoccupied with the delinquency of females

Answer 1

gender biased

Question 2

Why are adolescent females and women victims of "multiple marginality"?

A) because they are prone to commit multiple offenses
B) because gender, class, and race have placed women at the economic periphery of society
C) because females are less likely than males to be involved in most crimes
D) because the gender gap is more persistent for some offenses than for others

Answer 2

because gender, class, and race have placed women at the economic periphery of society

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?

A) High school girls are obsessed with physical appearance.
B) High school girls are obsessed with popularity based on external characteristics.
C) High school girls are obsessed with achievement.
D) High school girls have intense mother-daughter patterns of communication.

Answer 3

High school girls are obsessed with achievement.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of inquiry cited by Australian criminologist Kathleen Daly as promising avenues for exploring the complexities of the gender ratio of offending?

A) gendered play
B) gendered pathways
C) gendered lives
D) gendered crime

Question 5

According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?

A) attention deficit disorder
B) intellectual accomplishments
C) matriarchal family relations
D) late pubertal maturation

Question 6

According to Gisela Konopka's early study of delinquent females, which of the following is NOT a key factor contributing to female delinquency?

A) a uniquely dramatic biological onset of puberty
B) the static cultural position of females and the resultant stability
C) a complex identification process because of a girl's competitiveness with her mother
D) the hostile picture that the world presents to some young females

Question 7

What is the process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender?

A) intellectual deficit
B) gendered pathway
C) masculinity hypothesis
D) sex-role socialization

Question 8

Francis Cullen suggests that female delinquency increases as females become more ________.

A) male-like
B) independent
C) complex
D) sexual

Question 9

According to social learning theory, which of the following are less conducive to delinquency than mixed-gender peer groups?

A) female peer groups
B) male peer groups
C) male gangs
D) incarcerated males

Question 10

Which theory concludes that when daughters are freed from patriarchal family relations, they more frequently become delinquent?

A) power-control theory
B) labeling theory
C) differential association theory
D) Marxist theory

Question 11

Which of the following suggests that girls' misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys' deviance?

A) labeling theory
B) power-control theory
C) differential association theory
D) interactionist theory

Question 12

Which type of explanation posits that as females become more male-like and acquire more masculine traits, they become more delinquent?

A) blocked opportunity theory
B) general strain theory
C) masculinity hypothesis
D) femininity hypothesis

Question 13

Which of the following contends that adolescent girls' victimization at home causes them to become delinquent?

A) social learning theory
B) interactionist theory of delinquency
C) power-control theory
D) feminist theory of delinquency

Question 14

Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind's four propositions of the feminist theory of delinquency?

A) Victimizers utilize official agencies to keep victims vulnerable.
B) Girls involved in criminal activity are rarely the victims of sexual abuse.
C) As girls run away from home, they become involved in various forms of crime.
D) On streets, girls get involved in criminal activities that exploit their sexuality.

Question 15

Studies in gender relations and delinquency suggest that adolescent females receive discriminatory treatment because of society's disapproval of ________.

A) sexual activity
B) chivalrous acts
C) unwed mothers
D) racial minorities

Question 16

According to Rosemary Sarri, which of the following is violated when juvenile authorities commit females to longer sentences than males under the guise of "protecting" the female juveniles?

A) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
B) Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
C) Girls' Bill of Rights
D) Peace Learning Program

Question 17

Which of the following has on balance reduced the discriminatory treatment of female status offenders?

A) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
B) Civil Rights Bill of 1964
C) Omnibus Crime Bill of 1968
D) Family Leave Act of 1993

Question 18

According to early studies, which of the following do NOT support a sexual double standard?

A) police officers
B) intake personnel
C) status offenders
D) judges

Question 19

According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?

A) impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity structures
B) relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual behavior
C) personality variables and problems associated with homosexual behavior
D) personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited opportunities

Question 20

Diane Lewis noted that black women tend to see racism as a more powerful cause of their subordinate position than sexism, and they view women's liberation movement ________.

A) with considerable mistrust
B) as instrumental in their cause
C) as a unique opportunity
D) as a major roadblock to equality

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a program sponsored by Girls Inc. to enable young women to develop their capacities?

A) Economic Literacy
B) National Scholars
C) Project Bold
D) Operation End

Question 22

Which of the following is stated in the Girls' Bill of Rights developed by Girls Inc.?

A) Girls have the right to express themselves with originality and enthusiasm
B) Girls have the right to judge the images of women portrayed by the media.
C) Girls have the right to seek education on issues such as sex and pregnancy.
D) Girls have the right to learn about the causes of violence and its prevention.

Question 23

Which of the following is a finding of the study undertaken by Alex R. Piquero, Robert Brame, and Terrie E. Moffitt?

A) Boys, more than girls, tend to become involved in crime when measured by conviction experience.
B) The vast majority of both males and females juvenile offenders experience convictions.
C) Girls exhibit more variations in conviction activity than boys.
D) Unlike girls, boys can be separated into low- and medium-frequency groups.

Question 24

Which of the following is a conclusion of Sommers, Baskin, and Fagan's study on the desistance process among women?

A) Neither marital attachment nor job stability is strongly related to female desistance.
B) Desisters underwent a cognitive shift in which they experienced "hooks for change."
C) Quality marriages led women to desist from crime, depending on the class and race of the women being studied.
D) The process of continuity in criminal activity is formed by the end of adolescence similarly for both males and females.

Question 25

Which of the following provides effective interventions that address the intersecting issues of substance abuse, trauma, mental health, and economic oppression?

A) gender-responsive policy
B) feminist theory of delinquency
C) masculinity hypothesis
D) power-control theory

Question 26

Today's feminist criminologists agree on gender-based differences in adolescents' experiences, developmental rates, and the scope and motivation of male and female patterns of offending.

Question 27

According to Marty Beyer, boys are more focused on relationships than girls.

Question 28

The first step along females' pathway into the juvenile justice system involves girls acting out at home.

Question 29

Konopka's study of delinquent females linked a poor home life with a deep sense of loneliness and low self-esteem.

Question 30

Strain theory has been applied almost solely to female delinquency; therefore it may be more strongly related to female involvement in delinquency than male involvement.

Question 31

According to the differential association theory, emotional bonds to families are negatively related to the learning of violent definitions for girls but not for boys.

Question 32

The feminist theory of delinquency contend that girls' victimization and the relationship between the experience and girls' crime have been systematically studied.

Question 33

Juvenile females, as a number of studies have documented, receive punitive processing through the juvenile justice system.

Question 34

Many states no longer send status offenders to training schools with delinquents.

Question 35

Female delinquent careers tend to begin earlier and to extend longer into the adult years.

Question 36

According to Chesney-Lind, the study of delinquency is ________ and delinquency theories are preoccupied with the delinquency of males.

Question 37

Until recently, the study of delinquency had largely been the study of ________ delinquency.

Question 38

The issue of the ________ ratio of crime immediately leads to an inquiry into the factors that block or limit girls' or women's involvement in crime.

Question 39

The first step along females' pathway into the juvenile justice system is ________.

Question 40

The ________ hypothesis asserts that females become more male-like to become delinquent.

Question 41

________ theorists claim that males are more likely to be labeled as delinquents than females.

Question 42

It is no accident that girls who are on the run from abusive homes become involved in criminal activities that exploit their ________.

Question 43

Female ________ offenders are frequently found in contempt of court for violating a valid court order and then are placed in secure juvenile detention facilities.

Question 44

A study by ________ revealed social factors that intertwined with delinquent activities, limiting female delinquency while at the same time enabling and rewarding male delinquency.

Question 45

A(n) ________ policy approach calls for a new vision for the juvenile justice system, one that recognizes the behavioral and social differences between female and male offenders that have specific implications for policy and practice.

Question 46

Please match each term or concept with its description.

-Chivalry factor

A) A societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior.
B) The process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender.
C) The idea that the justice system tends to treat adolescent females and women more leniently because of their gender.

Question 47

Please match each term or concept with its description.

-Sex-role socialization

A) A societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior.
B) The process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender.
C) The idea that the justice system tends to treat adolescent females and women more leniently because of their gender.

Question 48

Please match each term or concept with its description.

-Gender role

A) A societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior.
B) The process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender.
C) The idea that the justice system tends to treat adolescent females and women more leniently because of their gender.

Question 49

Please match each type of theory for female delinquency with its explanation.

-Blocked opportunity theory

A) Males are more likely to be labeled as delinquent than females, but some females, especially the more delinquent girls, can be informally labeled by parents, the school, and the justice system.
B) Some evidence has been found that the perception of limited opportunity is more strongly related to female delinquency than it is to male delinquency.
C) Some females are more likely than others to become involved in delinquent behavior because of their exposure to delinquent models.
D) When daughters are freed from patriarchal family relations, this theory concludes that they become more delinquent.

Question 50

Please match each type of theory for female delinquency with its explanation.

-Social learning theory

A) Males are more likely to be labeled as delinquent than females, but some females, especially the more delinquent girls, can be informally labeled by parents, the school, and the justice system.
B) Some evidence has been found that the perception of limited opportunity is more strongly related to female delinquency than it is to male delinquency.
C) Some females are more likely than others to become involved in delinquent behavior because of their exposure to delinquent models.
D) When daughters are freed from patriarchal family relations, this theory concludes that they become more delinquent.

Question 51

Please match each type of theory for female delinquency with its explanation.

-Power-control theory

A) Males are more likely to be labeled as delinquent than females, but some females, especially the more delinquent girls, can be informally labeled by parents, the school, and the justice system.
B) Some evidence has been found that the perception of limited opportunity is more strongly related to female delinquency than it is to male delinquency.
C) Some females are more likely than others to become involved in delinquent behavior because of their exposure to delinquent models.
D) When daughters are freed from patriarchal family relations, this theory concludes that they become more delinquent.

Question 52

Please match each type of theory for female delinquency with its explanation.

-Labeling theory

A) Males are more likely to be labeled as delinquent than females, but some females, especially the more delinquent girls, can be informally labeled by parents, the school, and the justice system.
B) Some evidence has been found that the perception of limited opportunity is more strongly related to female delinquency than it is to male delinquency.
C) Some females are more likely than others to become involved in delinquent behavior because of their exposure to delinquent models.
D) When daughters are freed from patriarchal family relations, this theory concludes that they become more delinquent.

Question 53

What are gender roles? List the gender-specific guidelines written for the state of Oregon, suggested by P. Patton and M. Morgan.

Question 54

Discuss the recent profile of a female delinquent and describe how it may or may not have changed over the last ten to twenty years.

Question 55

List the characteristics of a typical female juvenile offender.

Question 56

Discuss the four propositions on the feminist theory of delinquency as advocated by Chesney-Lind.

Question 57

Explain the differences between male and female delinquency.

Question 58

List and explain the programs sponsored by Girls Inc., designed to enable young women to develop their capacities.

Question 59

Please explain what a gender role is. After defining this term, please provide at least five examples of gender roles in our society.

Question 60

How can the creation of the profile of the typical female delinquents assist in the formation of delinquency prevention programs? Please provide an example.

Question 61

What is meant by the term "gender-responsiveness"as it relates to the juvenile justice system? What are some examples of gender-responsive strategies that could be used?