Deck 5: Cognitive Changes With Aging

Question 1

Which of the following conditions is least likely to negatively affect older adults' performance on intelligence tests?

A) educational level
B) hypertension
C) nutritional deficits
D) constipation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Measures of crystallized intelligence include:

A) abstract reasoning.
B) social judgment.
C) word fluency.
D) inductive reasoning.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The positivity effect explains that:

A) older adults recall more information with negative emotional content.
B) older adults recall more information with positive emotional content.
C) young adults recall more information with positive emotional content.
D) older adults recall the same amount of information with positive emotional content than negative emotional content.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Compared to younger test-takers, older individuals perform:

A) better on tests of free-recall.
B) as well on tests of recognition.
C) better on tests of spatial memory.
D) as well on tests of recent events.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding creative output?

A) Creative output is highest from age 30-40.
B) Creative output from age 70 to 80 is about half that of age 30-40.
C) The secondary peak of creativity occurs in the 60s.
D) All of the above

Question 6

Regarding memory,:

A) primary memory refers to an initial temporary stage of memory.
B) secondary memory refers to information of lower priority.
C) iconic memory is a short-term store for verbal information.
D) echoic memory is a long-term store for auditory information.

Question 7

Studies of creativity:

A) show that creative young children become creative elders.
B) have examined problem solving skills of artists and scientists.
C) often include tests of divergent thinking.
D) generally rely on self-reports of creativity.

Question 8

"Terminal drop" refers to:

A) an older person who tends to fall due to balance problems.
B) a person approaching death due to a terminal disease.
C) a sharp decline in intelligence test scores shortly before death.
D) a sharp decline in social interactions shortly before death.

Question 9

List-making is most helpful for older people who:

A) have strong vocabulary skills.
B) have the least education.
C) have Alzheimer's disease.
D) take a lot of medications.

Question 10

The "Classic Aging Pattern" on the WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) refers to:

A) decline in the performance sub-tests beyond age 65.
B) decline in the verbal sub-tests beyond age 65.
C) improvement in mathematical reasoning with aging.
D) improvement in tests of spatial reasoning.

Question 11

When taking tests, older persons:

A) commit more errors of commission than omission.
B) commit more errors of omission than commission.
C) are always less cautious than young test-takers.
D) perform worse than young test-takers on perceptual-motor tests.

Question 12

Measures of fluid intelligence include:

A) spatial orientation.
B) verbal comprehension.
C) social judgment.
D) word association.

Question 13

Evidence on memory suggests that:

A) older adults with mild to moderate dementia benefit more from list-making than visual methods of recall.
B) mnemonics can help in learning a list of new words.
C) the method of loci works better for young learners.
D) older people practice many learning techniques.

Question 14

According to Small, we can improve our memory at any age using a personally meaningful encoding and retrieval system. In order, the steps are:

A) snap, connect, look.
B) connect, look, snap.
C) look, concentrate, snap.
D) look, snap, connect.

Question 15

Studies of wisdom in older adults:

A) reveal increased levels as the person ages.
B) reveal declining levels as the person ages.
C) show enhanced active aging in people who have achieved wisdom.
D) have generally used tests of convergent thinking.

Question 16

Suggestions to web designers for improving web pages for older users include all of the following except:

A) avoiding using a patterned background behind text.
B) using dark type and graphics on a light background.
C) using bright colors and animation.
D) avoiding pop up menus.

Question 17

Which of the following is most likely to affect the performance of a person when taking a mental abilities test?

A) light levels
B) tone and loudness of test-giver's voice
C) time constraints
D) large print text

Question 18

Remembering where one saw or heard a new piece of information is called:

A) episodic memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) source memory.

Question 19

Researchers who have tested the pros and cons of cognitive retraining programs have found that:

A) reasoning ability can be improved more than spatial orientation
B) they are effective when combined with memory-enhancing drugs
C) booster sessions make them ideal for older people
D) verbal mediators are better than visual methods for older people

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding studies of intelligence?

A) Cross-sectional studies entail selective attrition.
B) Longitudinal studies entail selective attrition.
C) Older people do better on timed tests.
D) They can assess age changes and age differences.

Question 21

Cognitive retraining has been found to be effective in helping older adults maintain their memory skills.

Question 22

Which of the following is not one of the criteria used to describe "wise" elders?

A) subjective knowledge
B) procedural knowledge
C) lifespan contextualism
D) value relativism

Question 23

Lifespan contextualism:

A) means considering the contest in which event are occurring and the relationship among them
B) is the opposite of value relativism
C) is a technique for developing back-up plans
D) is defined as being able to use decision making strategies

Question 24

We are able to remember better if information is stored in our primary memory.

Question 25

Achieving wisdom has been found to be associated with enhanced active aging in old age.

Question 26

When improving websites for older adults,:

A) avoid using a patterned background behind test material.
B) use many graphic and much animation.
C) give each section of the website a different layout.
D) add many pop-up menus.

Question 27

Interference theory has been useful in explaining problems of retrieving information from secondary memory seen with older adults.

Question 28

Older people have more problems with spatial memory than do younger people.

Question 29

Ginkgo biloba is a popular herbal remedy for memory improvement, but has not been found to be useful for dementia.

Question 30

Researchers generally agree that most types of intelligence decline after age 65.

Question 31

Creativity peaks around age 30 and steadily declines with age.

Question 32

Disuse theory has proven that long-term information permanently deteriorates when it is not used.

Question 33

The decrement model, which suggest that memory networks deteriorate with aging, is used to explain:

A) tip-of-the-tongue states.
B) cognitive retraining.
C) life long learning.
D) memory mediators.

Question 34

Older adults who are most worried about declining memory use external and cognitive aids as a way of coping with the problem.

Question 35

There is a biological factor in intelligence.

Question 36

The most important aspect of memory enhancement may be:

A) the ability to relax and reduce anxiety and stress.
B) the ability to remember all mnemonics learned.
C) avoiding brightly lit areas.
D) using herbal supplements.

Question 37

Older adults make more errors of omission than errors of commission on tests of paired associates.

Question 38

Allowing older adults more time to take a test makes little difference in how well they perform on the test.

Question 39

Older adults do worse than younger adults on tests of free recall.

Question 40

All older people eventually achieve wisdom because they are able to reflect on their worldly experiences.

Question 41

________ are verbal riddles, rhymes, and codes associated with the new information.

Question 42

Measures of ________ include spatial orientation, abstract reasoning, word fluency, and inductive reasoning.

Question 43

Define primary mental abilities and name 5 out of the 7.

Question 44

Differentiate between the measures of fluid intelligence and the measures of crystallized intelligence.

Question 45

Identify the various types of memory, their function, and their potential for age -related changes.

Question 46

The general slowing hypothesis was proposed by ________.

Question 47

Discuss how older adults can use memory mediators to improve their memory.

Question 48

An apparent and rapid decline in cognitive function within 5 years of death is referred to as the ________.

Question 49

Teaching research participants how to use various techniques to keep their minds active and maintain good memory skills is known as ________.

Question 50

Discuss the findings of the Seattle Longitudinal Study.