Deck 9: Gender, Crime, and Justice

Question 1

Until 1971, states could maintain that women were not legally "persons" based on which Supreme Court decision?

A) In re Lockwood
B) In re Adler
C) Muller v. Oregon
D) Brown v. State of Virginia

Answer 1

In re Lockwood

Question 2

Traditionally, criminological research on women focused on

A) their crime rates relative to those of men.
B) prostitution.
C) the similarity between women's and men's crimes.
D) the depravity of violent women.
E) all of the above, except C

Answer 2

all of the above, except C

Question 3

According to Freda Adler's study of the Uniform Crime Reports during the 1960s

A) the male crime rate increased more than the female crime rate.
B) women were committing crimes that were traditionally committed only by men.
C) men were committing more property crimes than women.
D) none of the above

Answer 3

women were committing crimes that were traditionally committed only by men.

Question 4

Adler and Simon's argument that changes in the rate and character of female crime during the 1960s and 1970s were the logical outcomes of the women's liberation movement is known as

A) the feminization of crime.
B) the chivalry hypothesis.
C) emancipation theory.
D) victimization theory.

Question 5

One of the more accurate ways to measure changes in men's and women's respective criminal activity is to

A) study only crimes known to the police.
B) look at how many crimes each sex commits annually and calculate for each the percentage increase or decrease from year to year.
C) calculate sex-specific arrest rates (the number of arrests per 100,000 of the population) and then determining the sex differential in arrests.
D) none of the above

Question 6

An alternative approach in examining the gender gap in violent offending is looking at victimization rates. Such research has concluded that

A) there is no real change in women's violent offending rates.
B) any narrowing of the gap can be attributed to the fact that males' violent offending decreased more than females' violent offending did.
C) There is no support for the argument that progress toward equality and independence for women has led to convergence in offending rates between men and women.
D) all of the above

Question 7

From 1999-2008, women's arrest rates for ________ increased.

A) robbery
B) larceny/theft
C) drug offenses
D) all of the above

Question 8

A significant gender difference in the drug/crime relationship is that

A) women are exposed to more drugs then men.
B) it is socially acceptable for women to use drugs in public.
C) the drug/crime relationship is tied to prostitution.
D) women are not heavy drug users.

Question 9

Which of the following explanations for the increase in female property crimes in recent years receives support from feminist criminologists?

A) Technological innovations in the home have provided women with more opportunities to shoplift and perpetrate bad check passing.
B) Worsening economic conditions of women have caused them to engage in property crimes.
C) Historically, crime rates did not accurately count the number of women committing petty crimes.
D) none of the above

Question 10

Within police training academies and police departments

A) women are now regarded as the full equals of their male colleagues.
B) a belief in male superiority remains strong.
C) the workplace has been successfully "desexualized."
D) all of the above

Question 11

Evidence indicates that female police officers

A) differ significantly on most measures from their male colleagues in terms of attitudes toward police work.
B) report experiencing greater stress.
C) have higher self-confidence than male officers do.
D) have a more aggressive style of policing than do their male counterparts.

Question 12

Research indicates that female correctional officers

A) now experience little sex discrimination on the job.
B) confront more resistance and harassment from male administrators and coworkers than from inmates.
C) differ from male correctional officers in their attitudes toward inmates.
D) cannot perform security functions as well as male correctional officers.

Question 13

Female attorneys

A) escape sexist prejudice and discrimination largely because of the greater prestige attached to their profession.
B) experience sex discrimination primarily in the lower courts, but rarely in the federal courts where affirmative action regulations are stricter.
C) frequently are subjected to disparaging and offensive remarks and behaviors by colleagues and judges, both inside and outside the courtroom.
D) none of the above

Question 14

Research has found the following about female police officers:

A) Female officers are more likely than male officers to follow legal restrictions in situations involving weapons.
B) Female officers tend to have a less aggressive style of policing than do their male counterparts
C) Female officers have better communication skills and use less force.
D) all of the above

Question 15

The American Bar Association Commission of Women in the Profession reports that

A) women of color employed by private law firms are more likely than White men employed by private law firms to experience demeaning comments or harassment.
B) White women employed by private law firms are more likely than White men employed by private law firms to experience demeaning comments or harassment.
C) White men employed by private law firms are as likely to experience demeaning comments or harassment.
D) Men of color employed by private law firms are more likely than White men employed by private law firms to experience demeaning comments or harassment.

Question 16

With respect to plea bargaining

A) it is estimated that less than 20% of all criminal convictions are the result of negotiated guilty pleas.
B) research indicates that the poor and racial minorities are less likely than members of other groups to negotiate their pleas.
C) recent "get tough" legal reforms have ruled out the possibility of plea bargaining for certain offenses.
D) both A and B are correct

Question 17

A recent study showed that __________ has a greater impact on sentencing severity than __________ does.

A) race, class
B) class, age
C) race, sex
D) sex, class

Question 18

Research that examines the intersection of race and sex on sentencing and punishment shows that

A) minority women are more likely than White women to be sentenced to prison.
B) women of color convicted of crimes against the person typically receive prison sentences almost twice as long as White women.
C) the actual prison time served by non-White women is longer than the actual prison time served by White women.
D) all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding status offenses?

A) Boys and girls are equally likely to be charged.
B) Boys are charged ten times more often than girls.
C) By definition, only girls can be charged with a status offense.
D) Girls are more frequently charged than boys.

Question 20

All of the following are true EXCEPT:

A) Young unemployed Black and Hispanic offenders are significantly more likely than middle-aged, employed White male offenders to be sentences to prison.
B) In federal court, there are no differences in sentences imposed on female offenders with children and those without children.
C) Not only are non-White women more likely to be sentenced to prison, but the actual time served is longer for non-White women than for White women.
D) The "get tough" approach to crime control has decreased the willingness to sentence both male and female offenders to death.

Question 21

Between 1999-2008, the overall arrest rate of male juveniles declined more than ______ the overall arrest rate of male juveniles.

A) three times
B) twice
C) five times
D) It has not declined at all.

Question 22

Prison education and vocational training programs for women

A) concentrate on equipping the inmates with salable skills to increase their prospects for employment once they are released from prison.
B) are more numerous than those available to men.
C) overemphasize the skilled trades.
D) typically train inmates for traditional female roles, such as clerical/office work, domestic work, and garment manufacturing.

Question 23

Almost _____ percent of women in prison report having been previously physically or sexually abused.

A) 4
B) 14
C) 40
D) 50

Question 24

Among incarcerated women

A) fewer than 40% are mothers of dependent children.
B) more than 50% lived with their dependent children before they were imprisoned.
C) those with dependent children typically rely on the children's father to care for the children during the period of incarceration.
D) those with dependent children see these children on average three times a week during regular visitation periods.
E) all of the above

Question 25

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 30 percent of women who die on the job are victims of

A) accidents.
B) suicide.
C) homicide.
D) none of the above

Question 26

Studies indicate the crime that women, in general, fear most is

A) homicide.
B) rape.
C) assault and battery.
D) robbery.

Question 27

All of the following is true about rape EXCEPT:

A) Rape has a low conviction rate.
B) Victims must prove their innocence to the court rather than the state proving the guilt of the rapist.
C) Studies show that the fastest growing type of rape involves homosexual men and young children.
D) It is commonly believed that most women precipitate the assault.

Question 28

The police practice of "unfounding" cases essentially means that

A) they don't believe the crime occurred.
B) they consider the crime "unprosecutable."
C) the cases dropped when the victim fails a lie detector test.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 29

The majority of rapes are

A) acquaintance rapes.
B) reported to the police.
C) committed by strangers.
D) perpetrated when women go out alone at night.

Question 30

Marital rape

A) rarely occurs in the United States.
B) often accompanies other forms of family violence.
C) occurs when one person gives in to his/her spouse to please them.
D) is not considered illegal in the United States.

Question 31

According to the authors of your textbook, which of the following is the best explanation for the high rate of rape in the U.S.?

A) There is an unequal power relationship between men and women.
B) Violence against women is condoned in this society.
C) The mentally disturbed do not receive the medical attention that they so desperately need.
D) both A and B above

Question 32

Men's exposure to violent pornography

A) increases their sensitivity to rape.
B) increases their self-reported possibility of raping.
C) decreases men's likelihood of raping.
D) has no impact on men's attitudes toward rape.

Question 33

Pornography

A) is derived from a word which translates to mean "sensual love."
B) especially violent pornography, shows rape as a common theme.
C) is a 10-billion-dollar-a-year industry.
D) B and C are correct.

Question 34

Research in the administration of justice has revealed that minority officers experience more problems on the police force their White counterparts.

Question 35

The use of victimization data has not demonstrated any change in the gender gap in violent offending.

Question 36

Pregnancy and motherhood do NOT jeopardize a female police officer's law enforcement career.

Question 37

There are fewer female judges than female attorneys.

Question 38

The statues that were originally placed in law to protect young people have, in the case of some girls, criminalized their survival strategies.

Question 39

Girls' arrest rates have declined faster than boys' rates.

Question 40

In the United States, criminal law is created to best represent the interests of all segments of society equally.

Question 41

The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports accurately reflect actual rates of criminal behavior in the United States.

Question 42

Most female offenders are committing what are considered traditional crimes for members of their sex.

Question 43

Sentencing disparity is frequently the result of extra-legal factors such as sex and race.

Question 44

Title VII prohibits the exclusion of women from law enforcement and other occupations.

Question 45

According to your text, research has consistently found that women are treated "chivalrously"
by the courts.

Question 46

Sexual assault is one of the violent crimes least likely to be reported to police.

Question 47

Acquaintance rape comprises more than one half of all reported incidents of sexual assault.

Question 48

Most rapists are mentally ill.

Question 49

Over half of the states in the U.S. exempt husbands from rape under certain circumstances.

Question 50

Pornography is the same thing as erotica.

Question 51

Female circumcision, also known as genital mutilation, is still commonly practiced in parts of the world today.

Question 52

Discuss three ways in which the criminal justice system in the United States reinforces gender inequality.

Question 53

What is sentencing disparity and how is it related to traditional gender stereotypes? Be sure to include a reference to status offenses.

Question 54

Have women achieved equality with men in criminal justice occupations? Be sure to explain your answer.

Question 55

It has been argued that women's criminal victimization is often rendered invisible. Explain this position.

Question 56

Identify three specific rape myths and discuss research evidence that refutes each one.

Question 57

What is the relationship between pornography and violence against women? How has technology affected this dynamic?

Question 58

Many forms of institutionalized violence against women, such as female circumcision, are perpetrated by women themselves. How can this apparent paradox be explained?

Question 59

Discuss the increase in the number of girls arrested. Why has girls' arrest rate not declined as much as boys' arrest rate? Address why girls' arrests are increasing for simple and aggravated assault compared to their male counterparts.

Question 60

The media often portrays girls being as violent as boys. Discuss the implication of this and give two examples to analyze.

Question 61

Discuss the unique challenges female inmates face while incarcerated. Name two programs that would address the needs of female inmates.

Question 62

Victimization research and data have revealed a change in female violent offending. Explain how such research is conducted and what the significance of the findings is in relation to the gender gap in violent offending.

Question 63

Discuss the relationship between gender and drug use. Explain how the strategies to acquire marijuana and crack differ by gender.