Deck 6: Nutrition During Lactation

Question 1

​The functional units of the mammary gland are the _____.

A) ​alveoli
B) ​secretory cells
C) ​myoepithelial cells
D) ​lobes
E) ​areolas

Answer 1

A

Question 2

​Prolactin is secreted from the _____ and causes _____.

A) ​hypothalamus;milk secretion by alveolar epithelial cells
B) ​posterior pituitary;milk secretion by alveolar epithelial cells
C) ​anterior pituitary;milk secretion by alveolar epithelial cells
D) ​posterior pituitary;contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli
E) ​anterior pituitary;contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli

Answer 2

C

Question 3

​Milk fat comes from _____.

A) ​triglycerides from the mother's blood only
B) ​new fatty acids produced in the breast only
C) ​triglycerides produced by the placenta only
D) ​triglycerides produced by the placenta and new fatty acids produced in the breast
E) ​triglycerides from the mother's blood and new fatty acids produced in the breast

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In the early 1900s,almost half of the infants in the U.S.were breastfed.

Question 5

​Lactose is a component of milk that is made in the _____ cells and secreted by _____.

A) ​secretory;transporter proteins
B) ​myoepithelial;transporter proteins
C) ​secretory;exocytosis
D) ​myoepithelial;exocytosis
E) ​secretory;diffusion

Question 6

​Prolactin is a hormone that _____.

A) ​stimulates the breast tissue to release oxytocin
B) ​causes milk to be secreted from the mammary gland ducts
C) ​decreases estrogen production
D) ​stimulates milk production
E) ​stimulates development of breast tissue

Question 7

Breastfeeding has been found to be just as effective as other methods of birth control,such as the birth control pill.

Question 8

​The onset of milk secretion occurs during which stage of lactogenesis?

A) ​Lactogenesis I
B) ​Lactogenesis II
C) ​Lactogenesis III
D) ​Lactogenesis IV
E) ​Lactogenesis V

Question 9

The size of a woman's breast limits her ability to store milk.

Question 10

Because human infants grow at a relatively slow rate,the mineral content of human milk is higher than that of other animals that grow faster.

Question 11

As of 2014,breastfeeding rates were continuing to rise.

Question 12

Individual fatty acids and other milk components (oligosaccharides,gangliosides,and glycoconjugates)resulting from digestion of human milk are antimicrobial.

Question 13

Human milk composition is changeable over the course of a single day.

Question 14

Breastfeeding women on a vegetarian diet tend to get plenty of protein as long as their energy intakes are adequate.

Question 15

​What hormone is produced during letdown and causes the ejection of milk from the milk glands into the milk ducts?

A) ​oxytocin
B) ​prolactin
C) ​estrogen
D) ​progesterone
E) ​lactogen

Question 16

​Human milk is the only food needed by the majority of healthy infants for approximately the first _____ months.

A) ​6
B) ​8
C) ​10
D) ​12
E) ​18

Question 17

​The cyclic release of the hormones _____ governs breast development during puberty.

A) ​prolactin and oxytocin
B) ​progesterone and estrogen
C) ​prolactin and estrogen
D) ​progesterone and oxytocin
E) ​testosterone and progesterone

Question 18

​Which stimulus would be least likely to trigger the letdown reflex?

A) ​release of oxytocin due to suckling
B) ​hearing a baby cry
C) ​sexual arousal
D) ​release of prolactin-inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus
E) ​thinking about nursing

Question 19

Infants appear to be interested in their mother's milk when flavors are new to them.

Question 20

Letdown only occurs when the infant suckles the breast.

Question 21

​What nutrient is predominant in human milk?

A) ​water
B) ​fat
C) ​protein
D) ​fiber
E) ​carbohydrate

Question 22

​The level of _____ in human milk can be altered by the mother's diet.

A) ​manganese
B) ​molybdenum
C) ​nickel
D) ​selenium
E) ​fluoride

Question 23

​The hormone responsible for uterine contractions and the minimization of maternal postpartum blood loss is _____.

A) ​prolactin
B) ​oxytocin
C) ​estrogen
D) ​progesterone
E) ​testosterone

Question 24

​Colostrum is higher in _____ and lower in _____ than milk produced after a milk supply is established.

A) ​protein;carbohydrate
B) ​fat;protein
C) ​protein;fat
D) ​carbohydrate and fat;protein
E) ​protein;lactose

Question 25

​Which benefit is least likely to occur as a result of breastfeeding?

A) ​minimized postpartum blood loss
B) ​return of uterus to nonpregnant size
C) ​decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in younger nursing mothers
D) ​increased self-confidence in the mother
E) ​increased fertility

Question 26

​The dominant carbohydrate in human milk is _____.

A) ​galactose
B) ​glucose
C) ​lactose
D) ​sucrose
E) ​maltose

Question 27

​Which component of milk prevents the binding of pathogenic microorganisms to the surface receptors of their target cell,thereby preventing infection?

A) nucleic acids​
B) ​oligosaccharides
C) ​whey proteins
D) ​DHA
E) ​cholesterol

Question 28

​Breastfeeding to any duration and to any extent reduces the risk of _____.

A) ​vitamin D deficiency
B) ​phenylketonuria
C) ​adult obesity
D) ​sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
E) ​weight gain in the mother

Question 29

​Which statement correctly describes milk production?

A) ​The amount of milk produced is the same regardless of the number of infants being nursed.
B) ​Milk production is triggered only when the breast is empty of milk.
C) ​Women with smaller breasts have a reduced capacity for milk production.
D) ​Milk production is highest in the days following birth and decreases thereafter.
E) ​Milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast.

Question 30

​Breast milk is isosmotic,which means breast milk _____.

A) ​contains milk proteins
B) ​has an ion concentration similar to plasma
C) ​has the same ion concentration as human milk substitutes
D) ​has a greater ion concentration than human milk substitutes
E) ​contains high amounts of minerals

Question 31

​One of the nutritional benefits of breastfeeding is that _____.

A) ​human milk contains few protein-bound minerals,making it more digestible for the infant
B) ​the balance of nutrients in human milk matches requirements needed for human growth
C) ​infants need no additional fluids other than water when breastfeeding
D) ​human milk provides very low amounts of lipids
E) ​the high protein content of human milk provides immature kidneys with nitrogen

Question 32

​Which component of human milk forms a soft,easily digestible curd?

A) ​copper
B) ​vitamin K
C) ​whey
D) ​casein
E) ​iron

Question 33

​The predominant secretory immunoglobin in human milk is _____.

A) ​sIgA
B) ​sIgE
C) ​sIgG
D) ​sIgM
E) ​sIgD

Question 34

​The major class of protein found in mature human milk is _____.

A) ​whey
B) ​casein
C) ​lactose
D) ​maltose
E) ​colostrum

Question 35

​The concentration of proteins synthesized in the breast is more affected by the _____.

A) ​age of the infant
B) ​amount of protein in the mother's diet
C) ​hormone variation in the mother
D) ​age of the mother
E) ​caloric intake by the mother

Question 36

Shelly is a 25-year-old breastfeeding mom who is trying to lose weight.Her OBGYN has suggested that she go on a very-low-fat diet (˜15% of calories)to help with weight loss.How will this change the fat composition of her breast milk?

A) ​It will not change the fat composition at all.
B) ​Her breast milk will contain more very-long-chain fatty acids.
C) ​Her breast milk will contain more saturated fatty acids.
D) ​Her breast milk will contain more medium-chain fatty acids.
E) ​Her breast milk will contain more cholesterol.

Question 37

​Which component of human milk carries out phagocytosis of bacteria and production of complement proteins?

A) ​whey
B) ​epithelial cells
C) ​macrophages
D) ​B-lymphocytes
E) ​immunoglobins

Question 38

​A petite Southeastern Asian woman was not planning to breastfeed because she felt her breasts were so small that they would not produce enough milk.What information would be the best for her to know?

A) ​Inadequate food intake by the mother decreases the quantity of milk,not the quality.
B) ​Small breasts would be able to meet infant demands.However,since they store less milk,more feedings may be required.
C) ​Eating a rice and fruit diet would best support adequate milk production.
D) ​Drinking more water and milk products would make up for the smaller breast tissue.
E) ​If she chooses to breastfeed,she must also use a human milk supplement to ensure her infant receives enough milk.

Question 39

​Women who pump milk _____.

A) ​are only able to pump one breast at a time
B) ​may increase prolactin expression by hand pumping rather than electric pumping
C) ​on average require 3 pumping sessions per day to stimulate adequate milk production
D) ​are encouraged to pump early and often to obtain an adequate milk supply
E) ​are less likely to experience insufficient milk production than women who breastfeed

Question 40

​Which statement explains the difference between morbidity rates and mortality rates?

A) ​Morbidity is the rate of death in a population;mortality is the rate of illness.
B) ​Morbidity is the rate of illness in a population;mortality is the rate of death.
C) ​Morbidity is the obesity rate in a population;morality is the rate of illness.
D) ​Morbidity is the obesity rate in a population;mortality is the rate of death.
E) ​Morbidity is the rate of infant deaths in a population;mortality is the rate of adult deaths.

Question 41

​Women should allow infants to drain one breast completely before offering the other breast primarily to _____.

A) ​allow the infant to get more foremilk,which may decrease incidence of diarrhea
B) ​allow the infants to get both foremilk and hindmilk,possibly decreasing diarrhea
C) ​ensure the child does not drink too much milk
D) ​prevent excess gas from forming
E) ​allow the mother to store more milk in the second breast for later feedings

Question 42

​To avoid damage to the ductal system,which incision would you recommend for a woman undergoing breast reduction surgery?

A) ​an incision around the lower part of the breast only
B) ​an incision in the middle of the breast only
C) ​an incision around the nipple (periareolar incision)
D) ​an incision around the lower part of the breast or around the nipple
E) ​The type of incision has no effect on the ductal system or a woman's subsequent ability to breastfeed.

Question 43

​Exclusively breastfed infants should receive a supplement for _____.

A) ​vitamin K only
B) ​vitamin D only
C) ​iron only
D) ​fluoride and vitamin D
E) ​vitamin D and vitamin K

Question 44

​Normally,newborn infants receive _____ feedings per day.

A) ​3-4
B) ​5-7
C) ​8-9
D) ​10-12
E) ​13-14

Question 45

​The 2005 DRI for lactating women is _____ additional kcal per day to support 0.8 kg per month weight loss during the first 6 months.

A) ​200
B) ​330
C) ​500
D) ​650
E) ​unlimited

Question 46

​Based on a Breastfeeding Report Card,breastfeeding rates are lower in _____.

A) ​Alaska
B) ​Idaho
C) ​Alabama
D) ​Utah
E) ​Wyoming

Question 47

​Among the key barriers to breastfeeding as identified by the 2011 Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding are _____.

A) ​overconfident mothers
B) ​lack of research on breastfeeding benefits
C) ​the milk industry
D) ​poor family and social support
E) ​obesity in exclusively breastfed children

Question 48

​An urban community wants to decrease ethnic and racial disparities in early postpartum breastfeeding rates.Which ethnic group would most likely have the greatest potential for increased breastfeeding rates?

A) ​African American women
B) ​White women
C) ​Hispanic women
D) ​Asian women
E) ​Latina women

Question 49

​Which reflexes help the infant position herself to be breastfed?

A) ​gagging reflex and rooting reflex
B) ​oral search reflex and rooting reflex
C) ​oral search reflex and feeding reflex
D) ​gagging reflex and rooting reflex
E) ​feeding reflex and rooting reflex

Question 50

​Hindmilk has a _____ content than foremilk.

A) ​lower calorie and higher lactose
B) ​higher lactose and higher fat
C) ​higher fat and higher calorie
D) ​higher calorie and higher lactose
E) ​lower fat and higher calorie

Question 51

​A health care professional was asked by a nursing mom,"How many glasses of water should I drink a today?" What would be an appropriate recommendation?

A) ​6-8 glasses
B) ​8-10 glasses
C) ​10-12 glasses
D) ​more than 12 glasses
E) ​Drink enough fluids to keep your urine pale yellow.

Question 52

​Anecdotal reports indicate that breast may leak milk at as early as _____ of pregnancy.

A) ​20 days
B) ​3 months
C) ​60 days
D) ​4 months
E) ​20 weeks

Question 53

​The mother should hear _____ sounds when the infant is breastfeeding and in the proper position.

A) ​swallowing
B) ​coughing
C) ​smacking
D) ​clicking
E) ​little or no

Question 54

​Latching on refers to the _____.

A) ​infant grasping the mother's breast with her hand before beginning to suckle
B) ​mother holding her nipple in the correct position for the infant to breastfeed
C) ​the infant smacking and slurping when attached to the nipple
D) ​minerals in human milk attaching to proteins,increasing their availability to the infant
E) ​mother centering the nipple in her infant's mouth

Question 55

​Which agency or organization administers the Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care Survey?

A) ​U.S.Surgeon General
B) ​Health Resources and Services Administration
C) ​UCLA Center for Healthier Children
D) ​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
E) ​Wellstart International

Question 56

​Which statement correctly describes maternal energy balance and milk composition?

A) ​Protein-calorie malnutrition usually compromises the composition of milk.
B) ​Milk production stops whenever there is a negative calorie balance.
C) ​Milk production can occur regardless of the calorie balance of the mother.
D) ​Protein-calorie malnutrition results in an energy deficit that reduces the volume of milk.
E) ​A high-fat diet greatly changes the protein and carbohydrate content of milk compared with a normal diet.

Question 57

​With regard to breastfeeding on the job,current federal law _____.

A) ​prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while on a break
B) ​ensures a woman's right to breastfeed at authorized locations on federal property
C) ​prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while at lunch
D) ​provides tax credits to employers who provide lactation services
E) ​establishes minimum standards for breast pump safety

Question 58

​Healthy People 2020 has breastfeeding objectives focusing on _____.

A) ​increasing the proportion of breastfed infants
B) ​increasing the duration of breastfeeding
C) ​decreasing the duration of breastfeeding
D) ​increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and increasing the duration of breastfeeding
E) ​increasing the proportion of breastfed infants but decreasing the duration of breastfeeding

Question 59

​Hunger is initially indicated when infants _____.

A) ​cry
B) ​bring their hands to their mouth and suck on them
C) ​move their heads from side to side with their mouths closed
D) ​reach for their mother
E) ​burp

Question 60

​A baby who is not given vitamin K at birth may have _____.

A) ​excessive bleeding due to a lack of blood clotting
B) ​decreased calcium absorption
C) ​increased incidence of colic
D) ​increased incidence of diarrhea
E) ​decreased hunger

Question 61

​What is likely happening to this baby and causing the diarrhea?

A) ​The baby is not latched on properly.
B) ​The mother is not producing enough breast milk.
C) ​The baby is getting too much foremilk and not enough hindmilk.
D) ​The baby has a poor suckle.
E) ​The baby is lactose intolerant.

Question 62

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Hindmilk

Question 63

​After looking at her diet,what changes could you suggest to help with the baby's colic?

A) ​Eliminate all fruit except canned fruit,and include nuts.
B) ​Eliminate nuts only,but not dairy products.
C) ​Eliminate dairy products,but not nuts.
D) ​Eliminate nuts and dairy products.
E) ​Eliminate all fruit except canned fruit,nuts,and dairy products.

Question 64

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Lobes

Question 65

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Colostrum

Question 66

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Secretory cells

Question 67

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Myoepithelial cells

Question 68

​Hospital support of breastfeeding allows mothers at least _____ of interrupted time to start breastfeeding her newborn.

A) ​30 minutes
B) ​1 hour
C) ​6 hours
D) ​12 hours
E) ​24 hours

Question 69

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
Foremilk​

Question 70

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Alveoli

Question 71

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Oxytocin

Question 72

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Secretory immunoglobulin A

Question 73

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Prolactin

Question 74

​What would the best advice be for this woman?

A) ​Allow your baby to nurse on one breast until it is completely empty.
B) ​Increase you intake of fats;this will increase fat content in the milk and help the baby gain weight.
C) ​Stop nursing immediately and use an infant formula so your baby starts growing.
D) ​Use supplemental infant formula after each feeding because the baby is not getting enough to eat.
E) ​Increase your intake of nuts because the baby is not receiving enough protein.

Question 75

Describe how the WIC program supports breastfeeding.

Question 76

​The Innocenti Declaration adopted by the World Health Organization has a global goal of breastfeeding from birth to _____ months of age for optimal maternal and child health.

A) ​1-2
B) ​3-4
C) ​4-6
D) ​7-9
E) ​10-12

Question 77

Identify three reflexes of healthy term infants.Discuss how these reflexes help infants nourish themselves.

Question 78

Matching
a.Cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
b.Rounded or oblong-shaped cavities in the breast
c.Rounded structures of the mammary gland
d.​Milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
e.​Milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
f.Specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
g.One of the primary proteins present in colostrum
h.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that causes milk letdown
i.Hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates milk production
j.​The thick,yellow fluid produced in the first 2-3 days after birth,high in protein
k.Human milk production
​Lactogenesis

Question 79

Describe how infant suckling leads to milk secretion from the mammary glands.

Question 80

Define the term infant colic and explain what can be done to alleviate the condition.