Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

A behavior pattern that is unlearned, always expressed in the same way, and universal within a species is called a(n)_____.

A) plan
B) reflex
C) instinct
D) routine

Answer 1

instinct

Question 2

Each of the following are criticisms of instinct theory EXCEPT:

A) The number of instincts is impossibly large.
B) Instincts provide circular explanations for behavior.
C) Instincts are only shown in nonhuman species.
D) Instincts lead to unscientific explanations of behavior.

Answer 2

Instincts are only shown in nonhuman species.

Question 3

Oriana is a prisoner of war deprived of water for three days. Drive-reduction theory suggests that her internal need for water will _____ her to cooperate with her captors.

A) pull
B) discourage
C) push
D) neither pull nor push

Answer 3

push

Question 4

According to drive-reduction theory, an example of a drive would be ________.

A) food
B) hunger
C) thirst
D) both b and c

Question 5

___________ factors are _____________ in controlling eating behavior as __________ factors.

A) External; equally important; internal
B) External; more important; internal
C) Internal; more important; external
D) External; not as important; internal

Question 6

Obesity is classified as being at least _______ % above the ideal body weight for your height.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 25

Question 7

There are approximately _____ genes that contribute to a person's weight.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 200
D) 2000

Question 8

The heritability for obesity is between __________.

A) 10 and 20%
B) 90 and 100%
C) 30 and 70%
D) 5 and 15%

Question 9

Currently, the safest method of weight loss is _____.

A) joining Weight Watchers or other diet support group
B) eating a high-protein diet and drinking lots of fluids
C) changing the amount and types of foods eaten, and exercising regularly
D) taking dietary supplements under the direction of a medical doctor

Question 10

According to the text, there is a significant correlation between industrial accomplishment of various countries and _______.

A) graduation rates
B) infant mortality
C) percent high school graduates
D) achievement themes in children's literature

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT true of persons who are high in nAch?

A) They are not concerned with feedback about their performance.
B) They like moderately difficult tasks.
C) They take responsibility for their actions.
D) They do better in their professions.

Question 12

Using your text's diving analogy for the sexual response model, which of the following is NOT CORRECTLY matched?

A) climbing the ladder: the sexual excitement phase
B) walking across the diving board: the plateau phase
C) taking the plunge: the resolution phrase
D) swimming back to shore: the resolution phase

Question 13

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle?

A) excitement orgasm 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 plateau 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 resolution
B) plateau 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11excitement 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 orgasm 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 climax
C) arousal 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 excitement 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 plateau 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11 orgasm
D) excitement 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11plateau 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11orgasm 11eef0cc_e657_4e44_8659_df36a7ab47f4_TB10345_11resolution

Question 14

The release of seminal fluid that takes place during the sexual response cycle is called ________.

A) orgasm
B) ejaculation
C) resolution
D) the refractory period

Question 15

There tends to be more variability in the sexual response cycle for __________.

A) men
B) women
C) both men and women
D) Research has not been conducted regarding gender differences in sexual arousal.

Question 16

Whether a person is erotically attracted to members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes is referred to as one's _______.

A) gender orientation
B) sexuality
C) sexual orientation
D) erotic status

Question 17

The genetic influence on sexual orientation has been supported by research reporting that _____.

A) among identical twins, if one brother is gay, the other brother has a 48-65% chance of also being gay
B) gay men have fewer chromosomal pairs than straight men, while lesbians have larger areas of the hypothalamus than straight women
C) among adoptive pairs of brothers, if one brother is gay, the other brother has an increased chance of also being gay
D) parenting style influences adult sexual orientation for males but not for females

Question 18

Which of the following strategies is LEAST beneficial for Shuyler's parents to use to get Shuyler to play the violin?

A) Provide small extrinsic rewards when he first begins his violin lessons.
B) Praise him often for making the effort to practice.
C) Reward his practice efforts even when done poorly or without enthusiasm.
D) Encourage Shuyler to focus on how playing the violin is personally rewarding.

Question 19

The makers of a health-food cereal increased sales by offering a $2.00 rebate to purchasers. Sales rose during the rebate period, then fell below pre-rebate sales numbers when the rebate ended. The author of your textbook would explain this by suggesting that _____.

A) the rebate convinced shoppers that the cereal was overpriced
B) extrinsic rewards decreased the intrinsic value purchasers placed on the cereal
C) the rebate decreased the status value of health food cereal
D) there was no longer any incentive for shoppers to purchase this cereal

Question 20

The cerebral cortex plays a major role in our emotions because it _____.

A) monitors and controls them
B) visualizes dangers and possible responses to them
C) stimulates the autonomic nervous system
D) relays information from all the senses to assist in processing what is important

Question 21

The part of the brain that plays a key role in emotions, especially fear, is the ____.

A) amygdala
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Question 22

Which of the following is the CORRECT order of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) perception of stimulus 1 emotion 11eef0ce_2d15_1695_8659_f75153ac4f77_TB10345_11 body response
B) perception of stimulus and emotion simultaneously 11eef0ce_2d15_1695_8659_f75153ac4f77_TB10345_11body response
C) perception of stimulus and body response simultaneously 11eef0ce_2d15_1695_8659_f75153ac4f77_TB10345_11emotion
D) perception of stimulus 11eef0ce_2d15_1695_8659_f75153ac4f77_TB10345_11 perception of body response 11eef0ce_2d15_1695_8659_f75153ac4f77_TB10345_11emotion

Question 23

Keane (a heterosexual, single male) just saw a very attractive woman in the student lounge. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what would be MOST likely to happen next?

A) Keane might fall in love.
B) Keane might experience lust.
C) Keane might notice an increase in his heart rate and breathing.
D) Keane would rather focus on studying for his psychology exam.

Question 24

Subjects in Schachter and Singer's classic study on emotions were given an injection of epinephrine, which caused physiological arousal. Some subjects were correctly informed about the drug's effects, and others were either uninformed or misinformed. Which of the following happened?

A) Incorrectly informed participants were unaffected by the behavior of others around them.
B) Misinformed participants were unaffected by the behavior of others around them.
C) Uninformed participants took on the emotions of others around them.
D) Informed participants took on the emotions of others around them.

Question 25

Researchers believe all our feelings can be condensed to _____ culturally universal emotions.

A) 2 to 3
B) 5 to 6
C) 7 to 10
D) 11 to 15

Question 26

Plutchik suggested we have ____ primary emotions that combine to form secondary emotions.

A) 8
B) 4
C) 10
D) 16

Question 27

According to Plutchik, secondary emotions are __________.

A) less important than primary emotions
B) combinations of two or more primary emotions
C) more alike than primary emotions
D) less alike than primary emotions

Question 28

Besides fear, anger, joy, and happiness, which of the following emotions have been found by all cross-cultural researchers in this field?

A) disgust and surprise
B) shame and guilt
C) interest and anticipation
D) shame/guilt and interest/anticipation

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the polygraph test is TRUE?

A) An innocent person has nothing to fear from a polygraph test.
B) A person can be taught how to "beat" a polygraph test.
C) The polygraph can detect subtle physiological differences between arousal due to anxiety versus excitement.
D) The polygraph is accurate in detecting truth or lies in about 90% of cases.

Question 30

Imagine that it is 5:00 on a Saturday afternoon. You are walking through the mall after a full day of playing arcade games, watching a movie, and shopping without having a meal. As you pass the food mall, use each of the internal and external factors related to hunger and eating to describe why you stop to eat and what choices you might make.

Question 31

Contrast the instinct, drive-reduction, incentive, and cognitive theories of motivation, providing an original example of each motive in action.

Question 32

Describe the arousal motive and state how it affects human functioning. Describe and illustrate the four factors in Zuckerman's sensation-seeking motive.

Question 33

Describe the cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components of experiencing fear while riding a roller coaster, and state the role of the RAS, limbic system, the frontal lobes, and the autonomic nervous system in the expression of this emotion.

Question 34

Define and illustrate the needs at each level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Describe a time in your (or a friend's) life when (1) a "higher"
motive had to wait until a "lower"
motive was met, and (2) a "higher"
motive occurred before a "lower"
need was met.

Question 35

Define obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. State your textbook's summary for the causes, dangers, and treatment of each.

Question 36

Identify the six traits that distinguish people with high achievement motivation. How do these traits develop?

Question 37

Outline Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle and identify physiological changes that occur at each phase.

Question 38

Imagine that you are a teacher. Define the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and use them to describe how you would encourage students to learn lecture and text material.

Question 39

Identify the three components of emotion and their related physiological and/or behavioral aspects, if applicable.

Question 40

Contrast the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion, including the research that supports or refutes each position, using joy/happiness to illustrate your answer. Describe how Schachter's two-factor theory combines elements from each of these theories.

Question 41

Describe various beliefs regarding the universality of basic emotions, the difference between primary and secondary emotions, and how display rules create differences in how such emotions are expressed.

Question 42

Describe the polygraph and discuss the controversy regarding its use as a "lie detector."