Deck 4: The Prenatal Period and Birth

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct order of events in the germinal period of development?

A) Hormone is secreted to inhibit menstruation;morula is created;zygote moves down the fallopian tube;cleavage occurs;blastocyst is formed.
B) Hormone is secreted to inhibit menstruation;cleavage occurs;morula is created;zygote moves down the fallopian tube;blastocyst is formed.
C) Zygote moves down the fallopian tube;morula is formed;blastocyst is formed;cleavage occurs;hormone is secreted to inhibit menstruation.
D) Zygote moves down the fallopian tube;cleavage occurs;morula is created;blastocyst is formed;hormone is secreted to inhibit menstruation.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When first formed,the embryo consists of three layers of cells.These separate layers eventually form

A) the brain,spinal cord,and nerves.
B) the fetus,the placenta,and the umbilical cord.
C) the fetus,the placenta,and a supply of nutrients.
D) all the tissues and organs of the body.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Despite the fact that a woman is born with approximately 5 million primitive eggs in her ovaries,only about ________ of these egg cells will mature and be released for potential fertilization during the childbearing years.

A) 60
B) 400
C) 30,000
D) 100,000

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The expelled egg cell,or ________,is carried into the ________.

A) ovum;Fallopian tube
B) ovum;ovary
C) morula;follicle
D) morula;ovarian aqueduct

Question 5

The ________ is the largest cell in the body,while the ________ is the smallest.

A) zygote;morula
B) sperm;egg
C) egg;sperm
D) morula;blastocyst

Question 6

Prenatal development is defined as the period in development

A) from conception until two months after birth.
B) from conception to the onset of labor.
C) lasting about ten to fourteen days after conception has occurred.
D) lasting from conception to approximately seven months gestation.

Question 7

The perinatal period begins about

A) the first month of pregnancy and ends with the beginning of labor.
B) the first month of pregnancy and ends about one month after birth.
C) the seventh month of pregnancy and ends with the beginning of labor.
D) the seventh month of pregnancy and ends about one month after birth.

Question 8

Ming's egg has been fertilized for four days.By now,the zygote has formed two differentiated groups of cells that will become either the embryo or the nutritive support for the embryo.Ming's zygote is now called a

A) germ.
B) blastocyst.
C) cytocyst.
D) fetus.

Question 9

How does the egg prepare for fertilization in the presence of sperm?

A) Its surrounding cells tighten their protective grip.
B) Its surrounding cells loosen their protective grip.
C) Its outer membrane releases the egg's genetic material.
D) Its outer membrane removes the sperm's genetic material.

Question 10

The fetal period is characterized by

A) formation of the zygote through cell division.
B) implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterine wall.
C) formation of structures such as the nervous and respiratory systems.
D) rapid growth of organs and preparation of body systems for functioning in the postnatal environment.

Question 11

Sharon's egg has been fertilized for three days.The zygote is now a sphere of sixteen cells called a morula,and each cell

A) has a unique set of genetic material.
B) will become a different type of organ.
C) will develop into the placenta and umbilical cord.
D) has the capacity to generate separate identical organisms.

Question 12

The embryonic period begins with

A) the implantation of the blastocyst.
B) conception.
C) the first mitotic divisions.
D) menstruation.

Question 13

If a zygote fails to attach to the uterine wall,

A) it becomes a blastocyst.
B) it will result in an ectopic pregnancy.
C) it must be surgically removed.
D) it is expelled.

Question 14

The ________ period lasts about ten to fourteen days after conception has taken place.During this time,the ________ becomes implanted in the uterine wall.

A) germinal;fertilized egg
B) germinal;fetus
C) embryonic;fertilized egg
D) embryonic;fetus

Question 15

Carla conceived just twenty-four hours ago.At this time,the fertilized zygote is going through a series of mitotic divisions called

A) cleavages.
B) appendages.
C) blastocysts.
D) differentiations.

Question 16

The best opportunity for conception begins ________ the menstrual cycle.

A) during the morula period of
B) the first day of
C) twenty-eight days into
D) fourteen days into

Question 17

The period of development that begins around the second week of pregnancy and ends about the second month of pregnancy is called the ________ period.During this period of development,the major biological organs and systems form.

A) perinatal
B) prenatal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 18

The innermost layer of embryonic cells that will give rise to many of the linings of the internal organs is called the

A) endoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) ectoderm.
D) blastoderm.

Question 19

The period in development that follows birth is called the ________ period.

A) perinatal
B) postgestational
C) postnatal
D) perigestation

Question 20

During the embryonic period,differentiation,also known as ________,of cells is achieved by the migration and production of specialized cells having distinct functions.

A) configuration
B) organogenesis
C) implantation
D) menstruation

Question 21

Gestational age makes the prenatal child approximately ________ older than if the age were calculated from conception because it is calculated from the date of the beginning of the mother's last menstrual period before conception.

A) one week
B) fifteen days
C) twenty-eight days
D) one month

Question 22

Cephalo is related to caudal in the same way ________ is related to ________.

A) top;bottom
B) bottom;top
C) tail;head
D) head;tail

Question 23

It is during the fetal period that

A) brain structures are completely formed.
B) most of the internal organs are prepared for full functioning.
C) growth of the reproductive system ceases.
D) the developing organism is most sensitive to damaging environmental factors.

Question 24

Nearly all the body's organs are established and the embryo is recognizably human by the ________ after conception.

A) second month
B) fifth month
C) seventh month
D) eight month

Question 25

Viability refers to the ability of a

A) baby to survive the events of the birth process.
B) baby to survive outside the mother's womb.
C) fetus to survive the first trimester.
D) fetus to survive the second trimester.

Question 26

Walter was born paralyzed,with no sensation in his legs.Surgery was performed shortly after birth to prevent worsening of the condition.Walter was probably born with

A) FAS.
B) spina bifida.
C) anoxia.
D) anencephaly.

Question 27

The ________ is the middle layer of the embryo that will develop into the skeleton and muscles,lymph and cardiovascular systems,and other connective tissues.

A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) pachyderm

Question 28

The procedure by which the sperm of an anonymous person is artificially introduced to the prospective mother when ovulation occurs is called

A) in vitro fertilization by donor.
B) in vitro fertilization by surrogate.
C) artificial insemination by donor.
D) artificial insemination by surrogate.

Question 29

Spina bifida and anencephaly

A) can be cured by minor surgical procedures.
B) are both genetic disorders.
C) are both neural tube defects.
D) have increased in frequency over the last twenty years.

Question 30

The rapid growth of the cerebral hemispheres and the increased speed of neural functions due to myelinization occur during the

A) first trimester.
B) second trimester.
C) third trimester.
D) embryonic period.

Question 31

During development,failure of the neural tube to close in the cephalic region,which results in the underdevelopment of the cerebral hemispheres,is called

A) anencephaly.
B) spina bifida.
C) Down syndrome.
D) anoxia.

Question 32

The frequency of neural tube defects has declined during the last two decades partly because of

A) a better understanding of the nutritional needs early in pregnancy.
B) a better understanding of the need for exercise during the first few months of pregnancy.
C) the development of new drugs.
D) the introduction of new intrauterine surgical procedures.

Question 33

The most likely method of assisted reproduction selected by couples when the male carries a genetic disorder is

A) artificial insemination by donor.
B) artificial insemination by the male partner.
C) in vitro fertilization with the sperm of the male partner.
D) in vitro fertilization with a donated egg.

Question 34

If cells taken from the ectoderm are grown in isolation,they form skinlike tissues;if they are grown with mesoderm cells,they form nervous system tissue.This observation suggests that cell development is

A) controlled by a purely genetic process.
B) inherently unpredictable.
C) affected by the immediate environment.
D) less structured before birth.

Question 35

Viability,or the ability of the fetus to survive outside the womb,

A) dramatically improves over the course of the third trimester.
B) dramatically improves over the course of the second trimester.
C) dramatically improves over the course of the first trimester.
D) is only a useful concept in societies with older medical technology.

Question 36

The ________,the outer layer of embryonic cells,will form skin,hair,and nails,but its earliest derivatives will be the central nervous system.

A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) hyperderm

Question 37

In the medical profession,________ refers to the age of the fetus or embryo as calculated from the date of the beginning of the mother's last menstrual period before conception.

A) conceptual age
B) prenatal age
C) gestational age
D) obstetric age

Question 38

Fetal movements that begin in the second trimester are known as

A) configurations.
B) calisthenics.
C) hastening.
D) quickening.

Question 39

During the fetal period,many organs and structures are already formed.This explains why

A) growth of the body slows down during fetal development.
B) the fetus becomes less susceptible to damaging environmental influences.
C) the fetus becomes more susceptible to damaging environmental influences.
D) the embryo is less susceptible than the fetus to damaging effects of teratogens.

Question 40

Fetal kicks and brain wave patterns commonly can be detected as early as the

A) first trimester.
B) second trimester.
C) third trimester.
D) embryonic period.

Question 41

The most prevalent teratogenic cause of mental retardation in industrialized countries is

A) smoking.
B) alcohol.
C) cocaine.
D) hormones.

Question 42

Ryan was born to a drug-addicted mother who used a variety of drugs and alcohol during her pregnancy.Despite his mother's ingestion of potentially teratogenic substances,Ryan appeared normal at birth.Now that Ryan is in school,however,he appears to have learning disabilities and behavioral problems.Ryan's symptoms are indicative of

A) postnatal malnourishment.
B) retroactive backlash.
C) the sleeper effect.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 43

Teratogens are

A) drugs used to treat congenital birth defects.
B) genetic mutations that lead to disruptions in development.
C) environmental agents that cause disruptions in development.
D) chemical substances produced by the placenta to sustain fetal life.

Question 44

The ________ is the conduit of blood vessels through which oxygen,nutrients,and waste material are transported between the ________ and the embryo.

A) placenta;umbilical cord
B) placenta;fetus
C) umbilical cord;fetus
D) umbilical cord;placenta

Question 45

Medical concerns are linked to the use of fertility drugs because

A) they increase the risk of multiple pregnancies,which can be dangerous.
B) not all of the drug treatments are approved by the FDA.
C) the treatments are expensive.
D) there is a wealth of evidence that suggests the drugs produce teratogenic effects.

Question 46

The fetus receives substances that the mother ingests or inhales via

A) in vitro sustenance.
B) the placenta.
C) the umbilical pathogen.
D) the amniotic layer.

Question 47

The amniotic sac is the

A) fluid-filled membrane protecting the uterus during pregnancy.
B) fluid-filled membrane protecting the fetus during pregnancy.
C) blood-filled membrane that connects the placenta to the embryo.
D) air-filled pocket that aids in fetal auditory development.

Question 48

A "sleeper effect" is said to occur when a teratogen

A) causes children to be born in a comatose state.
B) affects development in some but not all embryos.
C) damages the nervous system to produce unusual sleep patterns in the newborn.
D) causes developmental problems later in childhood.

Question 49

The principle of interference with specific mechanisms suggests that teratogens affect prenatal development by interfering with

A) fetal blood flow.
B) the umbilical cord.
C) biochemical processes that regulate the functions of cells.
D) the mother's biochemical processes that are responsible for maintaining the placenta.

Question 50

One of the most demonstrative cases of teratogenic effects was an anti-nausea drug called ________,which caused severe arm and leg malformations in infants.

A) thiamin
B) thalidomide
C) folic acid
D) beta carotene

Question 51

Which of the following is not a function of amniotic fluid?

A) Insulating the fetus from bumps and shocks
B) Providing substances necessary for lung development
C) Stabilizing temperature
D) Mixing the maternal and fetal bloodstreams

Question 52

The principle of susceptibility suggests that

A) individuals within species as well as species themselves show major differences in susceptibility to different teratogens.
B) individuals within species will not show differences in susceptibility to different teratogens,but species themselves may differ.
C) teratogenic effects occur similarly in any susceptible organism.
D) teratogens produce effects in fetuses only when those teratogens are harmful to the mother as well.

Question 53

The principle of access suggests that

A) mere access of a teratogen through the placenta is a guarantee of some effects.
B) a teratogen can access the mother's blood stream without accessing the fetal blood supply.
C) individuals within species as well as species themselves show major differences in susceptibility to different teratogens.
D) the accessibility of a given teratogen to a fetus or an embryo influences the extent of its damage.

Question 54

In which assisted reproduction procedure are eggs removed from a woman's ovaries,fertilized in a dish with the prospective father's sperm,and transferred to another woman's uterus?

A) Surrogacy
B) Artificial insemination by donor
C) In vitro fertilization
D) Gamete intrafallopian transfer

Question 55

If a female is infertile or a carrier of a genetic disease,which of the following is not a good option for assisted reproduction?

A) Egg donation
B) In vitro fertilization
C) Gamete intrafallopian transfer
D) Artificial insemination by donor

Question 56

According to the principle of _______,the extent to which a teratogen will affect the fetus depends on the stage of development during which exposure to the teratogen occurs.

A) critical periods
B) teratogenic repair
C) susceptibility
D) developmental delay

Question 57

Which of the following observations convinced many scientists and physicians that environmental agents can seriously harm human embryos?

A) Infants born to mothers exposed to atomic fallout had behavioral problems.
B) Mothers exposed to rubella gave birth to fetuses with various anomalies.
C) Mothers treated with thalidomide during pregnancy gave birth to severely deformed children.
D) Mothers with a family history of a disorder were more likely to give birth to a baby with a birth defect.

Question 58

Children born by means of assisted reproduction technologies grow up with

A) more emotional and behavioral problems than other children.
B) less developed social skills and fewer friends than other children.
C) few emotional and behavioral problems.
D) diminished senses of self.

Question 59

The support organ that is formed by cells from both the blastocyst and the uterine lining and serves as an exchange site for oxygen,nutrients,and waste products is called the

A) placenta.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) amniotic sac.
D) umbilical cord.

Question 60

The principle of teratogenic response suggests that

A) teratogenic effects occur similarly in any susceptible organism.
B) teratogens do not show the same effects uniformly in prenatal development.
C) mere access of a teratogen through the placenta is a guarantee of some effects.
D) teratogens produce effects in fetuses only when they are harmful to the mother as well.

Question 61

Ornella,an expectant mother,has been advised by her doctor to refrain from taking all drugs,including over-the-counter drugs.The doctor made this suggestion because

A) many popular over-the-counter drugs are known teratogens.
B) little is known about over-the-counter drugs,so it is best to be cautious and refrain from taking them during pregnancy.
C) many over-the-counter drugs are produced under poor quality-control conditions and may be contaminated with potential teratogens.
D) research suggests that over-the-counter drugs greatly increase the chances of miscarriage.

Question 62

Which of the following has not been suggested as an explanation for the teratogenic effects of alcohol?

A) Alcohol interferes with normal cellular production,differentiation,and migration.
B) Alcohol metabolism requires substantial amounts of oxygen,making less oxygen available to the fetus.
C) Alcohol increases the muscular activity of the fetus,making less oxygen available for cellular needs.
D) Alcohol causes delays and errors in neuronal migration in the brain.

Question 63

Which of the following is a likely reason that women who consume a lot of caffeine deliver lower-birth-weight babies?

A) Fetuses exposed to caffeine do not absorb the nutrients they need to maintain growth.
B) Fetuses exposed to caffeine are less active and do not build as much muscle tissue.
C) Prenatal caffeine exposure increases fetal activity,therefore the fetuses consume more energy.
D) Prenatal caffeine exposure decreases fetal activity,therefore the fetuses expend less energy and need fewer nutrients.

Question 64

Alexandra owns three cats.Although pregnant,she continues to care for her cats,often changing the litter box.Alexandra is at risk of contracting

A) cholera.
B) toxoplasmosis.
C) varicellazoster.
D) cytornegalovirus.

Question 65

The prognosis for children born to mothers who used cocaine during their pregnancies

A) becomes increasingly bleak as the children get older.
B) improves markedly when interventions are undertaken to reduce risk factors.
C) improves as the children grow older.
D) is no different than the prognosis for children who are born to women who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy.

Question 66

With respect to alcohol consumption during pregnancy,the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) complete abstinence during pregnancy because no safe dose for alcohol has been established.
B) no more than one drink per week as this has been demonstrated to be safe.
C) no more than one drink per week during the first trimester and no more than one drink per day during the third trimester.
D) no alcohol in the first trimester and no more than two drinks per month thereafter.

Question 67

Which of the following is not true of babies born to mothers who use heroin?

A) Congenital defects have not been positively linked to heroin use.
B) Stillbirths and low birth weight are no more frequent among heroin-exposed babies than in the normal population.
C) Babies born to heroin-addicted mothers also undergo withdrawal symptoms,such as diarrhea,sweating,tremors,and a high-pitched cry.
D) Developmental difficulties observed in heroin-exposed children may largely be a consequence of environmental factors,such as poor nutrition and limited caregiver interactions.

Question 68

Which of the following is not an explanation for the difficulty in determining the teratogenic effects of illicit drug use?

A) Women who abuse drugs rarely maintain the use of a single drug during pregnancy.
B) Poor nutrition and lower socioeconomic status often accompany drug use.
C) The incidence of drug abuse during pregnancy has hit an unprecedented low,making research in this area of study difficult to conduct.
D) Drug-abusing mothers are less likely to receive proper prenatal care.

Question 69

One of the most consistent findings from studies examining the effects of smoking on prenatal development is that babies born to smokers

A) are more likely to be mentally challenged than babies born to nonsmokers
B) are more likely to have learning disorders than babies born to nonsmokers.
C) are likely to be smaller in size than babies born to nonsmokers.
D) are not distinguishable from babies born to nonsmokers.

Question 70

Which of the following is a drug that was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy and resulted in limb deformities?

A) Thalidomide
B) Rubella
C) Amphetamines
D) Lithium

Question 71

Cocaine readily crosses the placenta.Once it reaches the fetus,

A) it is metabolized faster than in the adult system.
B) it is metabolized at the same rate as in the adult system.
C) it stays longer than in the adult system because the placenta has no way of expelling the drug.
D) it stays longer than in the adult because the immature fetal organs have trouble breaking it down.

Question 72

Children exposed to moderate or low levels of alcohol prenatally,but do not meet the criterion for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome,can exhibit retardation or learning difficulties along with other behavioral problems.The current name for this disorder is

A) fetal alcohol disability.
B) fetal alcohol effects.
C) fetal-alcohol spectrum disorders.
D) fetal-alcohol sleeper effects.

Question 73

The behavioral and long-term consequences of prenatal exposure to smoke are not very well understood because

A) prenatal exposure to smoke is often confounded with postnatal exposure to smoke.
B) prenatal exposure to smoke has the same teratogenic effects as aspirin.
C) the placenta is not directly affected by cigarette smoke.
D) babies who were exposed to smoke prenatally are not physically different at birth.

Question 74

Researchers seem to agree,based on the results of current research,that exposure to cocaine during a normal gestational period is

A) the most important factor that contributes to poor physical growth or delayed acquisition of motor skills,lowered cognitive abilities,or behavioral,attentional,or affective disturbance in young children.
B) an important factor in the development of poor physical growth or delayed acquisition of motor skills and lowered cognitive abilities,but not an important factor in the development of behavioral,attentional,or affective disturbance in young children.
C) an important factor in the development of behavioral,attentional,or affective disturbance,but not a major factor in the development of poor physical growth or delayed acquisition of motor skills and lowered cognitive abilities in young children.
D) not a major factor that independently contributes to poor physical growth or delayed acquisition of motor skills,lowered cognitive abilities,or behavioral,attentional,or affective disturbance in young children..

Question 75

Cytornegalovirus and toxoplasmosis are best characterized as

A) teratogenic diseases.
B) genetic disorders.
C) prenatal screening procedures.
D) vitamin deficiencies.

Question 76

The psychoactive ingredient associated with marijuana

A) can be transferred postnatally through the mother's milk.
B) increases the length of gestation.
C) cannot cross the placental barrier.
D) increases the frequency of miscarriages and congenital anomalies.

Question 77

The tendency to display neurocognitive deficits is related to the amount of prenatal alcohol exposure,making alcohol a good example of the ________ principle of teratogens.

A) dose-related
B) sleeper effect
C) interference with specific mechanisms
D) sensitive period

Question 78

Cytomegalovirus is transmitted through body fluids.Which of the following scenarios is least likely to result in the transmission of CMV?

A) A teacher and a child have physical contact while on the playground.
B) A man uses a towel at the gym.It is washed in cold water and given out again the next day.
C) A mother breastfeeds her child.
D) A wife dresses her husband's open wound.

Question 79

Which one of the following statements demonstrates a commonality between smoking and alcohol consumption?

A) An increase in oxygen creates accelerated growth and difficult delivery due to the abnormally large fetus.
B) A decrease in oxygen flow retards neural growth and decreases the flow of oxygen-rich blood in the fetus.
C) FAS can be caused by either alcohol consumption or smoking.
D) Neither smoking nor alcohol consumption can be scientifically determined as causal mechanisms in birth defects.

Question 80

Which of the following is not considered to be part of the constellation of deficits associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Prenatal and postnatal growth retardation
B) Microencephaly and abnormal facial features
C) Central nervous system dysfunction
D) Anencephaly and spina bifida