Deck 28: The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914

Question 1

Which of the following statements concerning the political philosophy of the Enlightenment is most accurate?

A) Enlightenment philosophes were creatures of the monarchs who were their patrons and supported the powers of the kings.
B) Although the Enlightenment philosophers were generally opposed to the authority of the church, they argued that only monarchy could insure stability for the masses.
C) Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic privilege.
D) Enlightenment intellectuals were the firmest supporters of the church left in European culture.

Answer 1

Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic privilege.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Western Europe experienced a huge population jump after about 1730.
B) Western Europe?s population was devastated by a series of wars and epidemics at the beginning of the 18th century.
C) Poverty and poor nutrition led to a stagnation of the European population until 1840.
D) The most significant factor in the movement of population in the 18th century was the increased mortality among children leading to fewer survivors.

Answer 2

Western Europe experienced a huge population jump after about 1730.

Question 3

Above all, population pressure in the 18th century

A) led to wholesale replacement of officeholders among the elite.
B) drove many people into the working-class proletariat.
C) led the business classes to reduce the number of children in their families.
D) caused the middle classes to reduce risk-taking.

Answer 3

drove many people into the working-class proletariat.

Question 4

Proto-industrialization refers to

A) the strictly agricultural economy that preceded the Industrial Revolution.
B) the development of the rural factory system.
C) the employment of laborers who worked at home but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants.
D) the development of systems of transportation and communication necessary for full industrialization.

Question 5

Population upheaval and the spread of a propertyless class working for money led to which of the following developments?

A) An increase in the authority of the male heads of households
B) A general acceptance of authority, whether domestic or political
C) A decline in the percentage of illegitimate births
D) The adoption of more urban styles of dress

Question 6

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the American Revolution?

A) Britain?s attempts to impose new taxes and trade controls after 1763
B) A desire to overthrow the older colonial leadership
C) The British invasion of the Mississippi River Valley
D) Restriction on free movement into the frontier areas

Question 7

In what year did the American colonies set up a new constitutional structure based on Enlightenment principles?

A) 1776
B) 1781
C) 1783
D) 1789

Question 8

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the French Revolution?

A) Enlightenment thinkers urging the need to limit the powers of the Catholic church and the aristocracy
B) The church seeking greater power over the royal government
C) The middle class demand for greater political representation
D) The peasant desire for freedom from manorialism

Question 9

In what year did the French Revolution begin?

A) 1789
B) 1791
C) 1795
D) 1798

Question 10

On July 14 in the first year of the French Revolution, the storming of what political prison provided a revolutionary symbol?

A) Tuileries
B) Place des Vosges
C) Montparnasse
D) Bastille

Question 11

Which of the following was a lasting reform passed during the initial, moderate phase of the French Revolution?

A) Universal male suffrage
B) The introduction of Protestantism
C) Peasants were freed from all traces of manorialism
D) Universal military conscription

Question 12

The radical phase of the French Revolution led to all of the following EXCEPT the

A) execution of the king.
B) introduction of the metric system of weights and measures.
C) extension of the revolution to warfare in the Low Countries, Italy, and Germany.
D) full-scale attack on private property.

Question 13

The final phase of the French Revolution was ushered in by the victory of

A) Maximilien Robespierre.
B) Napoleon Bonaparte.
C) Auguste Comte.
D) Partie Girondin.

Question 14

In what year did a European alliance finally crush the French Empire?

A) 1809
B) 1811
C) 1815
D) 1822

Question 15

Which of the following statements concerning the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe is NOT accurate?

A) The French Revolution spread key revolutionary legislation throughout much of western Europe.
B) The revolution encouraged popular nationalism outside of France.
C) The French Revolution and its subsequent empire created a general consensus after the defeat of France for a more liberal Europe.
D) The idea of equality under the law and attacks on privilege--whether aristocratic, guild, or ecclesiastical--spread throughout Europe.

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning the peace conference at Vienna following the fall of France is most accurate?

A) The allies intended to punish France severely in order to make certain that no further revolution was possible.
B) Territorial adjustments reached at Vienna kept Europe fairly stable for almost half a century.
C) Successful restoration of conservative monarchies and promotion of internal peace was achieved for a century.
D) Poland emerged as one of the winners in the territorial realignments that followed the wars.

Question 17

Which political group listed below would espouse the following statement ?The political goals of greatest significance are the establishment of constitutional rule and the extension of the parliamentary franchise to propertied men of the middle class??

A) Radicals
B) Socialists
C) Liberals
D) Conservatives

Question 18

Which political group listed below would espouse the following statement? ?As long as property is controlled by private individuals, inequality will exist. It is the role of the state to manage property for the benefit of all citizens??

A) Radicals
B) Socialists
C) Liberals
D) Conservatives

Question 19

In 1820, Greece fought for its independence from

A) Austria-Hungary.
B) Poland.
C) Italy.
D) the Ottoman Empire.

Question 20

Which of the following nations became independent for the first time as a result of a revolution in 1830?

A) Germany
B) France
C) Italy
D) Belgium

Question 21

What piece of legislation gave the vote to many members of the middle class in Great Britain?

A) The Reform Bill of 1832
B) The Great Charter of 1848
C) The Franchise Act of 1811
D) The Corn Laws

Question 22

After industrialization a demographic transition occurred to a new system that promoted stable population levels through

A) government-sponsored family planning.
B) legal sanctions against illegitimate births.
C) low birth and death rates
D) increased mortality due to industrial accidents and environmental pollution.

Question 23

By 1900 what proportion of the Western population enjoyed conditions above the subsistence level?

A) One fifth
B) One third
C) One half
D) Two thirds

Question 24

Louis Pasteur was responsible for the

A) development of the telegraph.
B) discovery of germs.
C) creation of the first French department store.
D) invention of the birth control pill.

Question 25

As industrialization spread peasants in Europe improved their conditions by all of the following means EXCEPT

A) overthrowing capitalism.
B) organizing cooperatives.
C) specializing in new cash crops
D) seeking education and new technical skills.

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning conservative political strategies after 1850 is most accurate?

A) With the destruction of the liberal movement, conservatives felt free to restore the aristocratic bias of absolute monarchy.
B) Conservatives began to ally more closely with socialists in order to offset the political advantages gained by liberals during the revolutions of 1848.
C) Conservatives ceased to play any role in the political framework of Europe after 1850.
D) Conservatives strove to develop a new political consensus with liberals that would grant the appearance of constitutional reform but retain aristocratic privilege.

Question 27

What British conservative prime minister was responsible for extending the vote to working-class males in 1867?

A) Viscount Castlereagh
B) George Canning
C) Benjamin Disraeli
D) William E. Gladstone

Question 28

Who was responsible for managing the unification of Italy?

A) Benito Mussolini
B) Count Camillo di Cavour
C) Georgio Gaspari
D) Giovanni Villani

Question 29

What German conservative was responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871?

A) Otto von Bismarck
B) The Elector of Hanover
C) King Joseph II
D) Klemens von Metternich

Question 30

Which of the following did NOT represent an expansion of government functions in the West after 1870?

A) Civil service examinations
B) Extension of regulatory apparatus
C) The establishment of mandatory national unions for laborers
D) Wider welfare measures

Question 31

Which of the following statements could NOT be attributed to the political philosophy of Karl Marx?

A) Earlier socialist theories based on utopian schemes were silly and unrealistic.
B) In the aftermath of the victory of the proletariat, the state would emerge permanently as a powerful dictatorship.
C) History was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled them.
D) Revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie was inevitable.

Question 32

In what nation did socialism produce the strongest political party?

A) Britain
B) The United States
C) France
D) Germany

Question 33

Socialist movements that proposed the possibility of gradual and peaceful change rather than revolution were called

A) Bolsheviks.
B) Revisionist.
C) Falangists.
D) Boulangists.

Question 34

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between science and the arts in the later 19th century?

A) Science and art continued to follow the lines of classical and rational traditionalism.
B) Science and art of the 19th century were freed from the traditions of classical rationalism and embarked on a radical shift that favored the emotional.
C) Science continued the Western trend of traditional rationalism, but art adopted the more emotional and impressionistic theories of Romanticism.
D) There were few scientific advances after the early stages of industrialization and little if any innovation in the field of art.

Question 35

Who proposed evolution in 1859 as the basis of biological development?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Karl LeBlanc
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Nils Bormann

Question 36

American exceptionalism suggests that the United States

A) developed on its own terms with only incidental contact with Europe.
B) depended exclusively for its cultural development on Europe.
C) had no cultural relationship of any kind with Europe.
D) achieved its cultural foundations from Native Americans.

Question 37

Western expansion in the 19th century meant an extension of Western society itself, and not primarily a new cultural interchange. Which of the following regions was NOT an area of Western expansion?

A) Canada
B) Malaya
C) New Zealand
D) Australia

Question 38

Britain?s Australian colonies originated in 1788 as

A) mining expeditions.
B) plantation and ranching settlements.
C) penal settlements.
D) fortified trading ports.

Question 39

Which of the following countries was NOT a member of the Triple Entente?

A) Russia
B) France
C) Britain
D) The United States

Question 40

Balkan nationalism initially exacerbated deteriorating relationships between what two powers with interests in the region?

A) Britain and France
B) Germany and Italy
C) Russia and Austria-Hungary
D) France and Russia

Question 41

What were the permanent reforms of the American and French revolutions?

Question 42

In what ways did the Napoleonic period, despite the creation of an authoritarian regime, result in the extension of revolution to the rest of Europe?

Question 43

After 1850 what political coalitions led to successful nationalist movements, particularly in central Europe?

Question 44

How did the emergence of new central European nations after 1870 lead to increased diplomatic tensions?