Deck 30: The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920

Question 1

In what way was Latin America different than the other regions that remained outside the direct control of Western imperialism?

A) Latin America had no economic relationship with the West.
B) During the century of imperialism, Latin America had fought and won independence from the Spanish and the Portuguese.
C) Unlike the others, Latin America had no previous political relationship to the West.
D) The ideals of the Enlightenment had little or no impact on Latin America.

Answer 1

During the century of imperialism, Latin America had fought and won independence from the Spanish and the Portuguese.

Question 2

In what century did most Latin American countries achieve their independence?

A) 17th
B) 18th
C) 19th
D) 20th

Answer 2

19th

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT one of the beliefs that Latin America shared with the West during the 19th century?

A) Belief in ?progress?
B) Belief in reform
C) Belief in colonialism
D) Belief in private property

Answer 3

Belief in colonialism

Question 4

Which of the following events was rejected by creole elites as a model of revolution because of excessive radicalism?

A) The American Revolution
B) The French Revolution
C) The independence movement in Portugal
D) The Napoleonic Wars

Question 5

The leader of the slave independence movement on the island of St. Domingue was

A) Bernardino Rivadavia.
B) Father Miguel de Hidalgo.
C) Simon Bol´ivar.
D) Toussaint L?Overture.

Question 6

For whom did the independence of Haiti serve as a symbol of freedom and hope?

A) The creole elite
B) The Spanish
C) Slaves
D) Mestizos

Question 7

What was the impact of the Haitian independence movement on Latin America?

A) It served as a model for national independence movements throughout South and Central America
B) It demonstrated the power of creole elites in leading revolutionary movements
C) It led immediately to a general abolition of slavery throughout Latin America
D) Creole elites viewed it with horror as an example of general social upheaval

Question 8

What event in Europe precipitated the movements for independence in Latin America?

A) The forced abdication of the royal family of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars
B) The conquest of the Mughal Empire by the Portuguese
C) Spain?s loss of colonial territories to the British during the War of Jenkin?s Ear
D) The Seven Years War

Question 9

Who invaded Spain in 1808?

A) France
B) Britain
C) Holland
D) Denmark

Question 10

Who initiated the movement for independence in Mexico by calling on the mestizos and Indians to rebel in 1810?

A) Toussaint L?Overture
B) Father Miguel de Hidalgo
C) Simon Bol´ivar
D) Manuel de Rosas

Question 11

Who was proclaimed the first emperor of Mexico?

A) Toussaint L?Overture
B) Bernardino Rivadavia
C) Manuel de Rosas
D) August´in de Iturbide

Question 12

Simon Bol´ivar was responsible for the independence movement in

A) Argentina.
B) Mexico.
C) northern South America.
D) Guatemala.

Question 13

The person responsible for the independence movements in Argentina and Chile was

A) Manuel de Rosas.
B) Bernardino Rivadavia.
C) Simon Bol´ivar.
D) Jose? de San Mart´in.

Question 14

By what date had all of Spanish South America gained its independence?

A) 1808
B) 1814
C) 1816
D) 1825

Question 15

In what way was the experience of the Napoleonic wars different for Portugal than for Spain?

A) Portugal was allied with the French emperor.
B) The French attempted to invade Portugal, but failed.
C) The entire royal family fled from the French to Brazil and established their capital there.
D) Following the defeat of the Portuguese, the French took over the colonial administration of Brazil.

Question 16

How was Brazilian independence achieved?

A) Through a rebellion led by the creole elite
B) Through a slave rebellion on the model of Haiti
C) Because the French freed the colony unilaterally
D) Pedro, the prince regent of Brazil, declared independence

Question 17

In what way was the government of independent Brazil different from those of the other newly created Latin American nations?

A) Brazil was a monarchy rather than a republic
B) It was the only government that immediately abolished slavery
C) It was ruled by the popular majority of former slaves and people of mixed race
D) It was the only republican form of government established in Latin America

Question 18

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.
B) Roman Catholicism had been the only state religion during the colonial period, and its status as the only permitted religion remained unchallenged after independence.
C) The onset of independence was accompanied by a general trend away from Catholicism toward Protestant religions.
D) The defense of the Roman Catholic church became a rallying cry for Latin American liberals.

Question 19

In which of the following areas did slavery NOT exist following 1854?

A) Cuba
B) Puerto Rico
C) Mexico
D) Brazil

Question 20

Which of the following states was not part of Gran Colombia?

A) Paraguay
B) Ecuador
C) Venezuela
D) Colombia

Question 21

Which of the following statements concerning the political organization of Latin America to 1850 is most accurate?

A) Most of Latin America was divided up into consolidated units that mirrored the colonial vice royalties.
B) The excellent colonial road system enabled the creation of larger states after independence.
C) Permanent consolidation and union was more typical of Central America and southern South America than elsewhere.
D) Most attempts at consolidation and union failed.

Question 22

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies and who sometimes seized the national government were called

A) Rurales.
B) caudillos.
C) guano.
D) fazendas.

Question 23

Which of the following characteristics is most accurately associated with the ?centralist? theory of government in Latin America?

A) Fiscal and commercial policies set by regional governments
B) Recognition of the political rights of Indians and mestizos
C) Democracy
D) Strong national governments with broad powers

Question 24

Which of the following political principles would NOT be associated with Latin American liberals?

A) Rights of individuals
B) Secular society modeled on the United States
C) The retention of corporate groups
D) Development of commerce

Question 25

In what way were both liberal and conservative parties in Latin America similar?

A) Their distrust for Roman Catholicism
B) Their acceptance of federalist political theory
C) Their endorsement of centralist political theory
D) The social origins of their leadership

Question 26

What European nation was the first to offer recognition of and trade with the newly independent nations of Latin America?

A) Germany
B) Britain
C) Spain
D) Portugal

Question 27

The United States expressed its attitude toward Latin American independence in 1823 with the issuance of the

A) Articles of Confederation.
B) Southwest Ordinance.
C) Canning Treaty.
D) Monroe Doctrine.

Question 28

What nation replaced Spain prior to 1850 as the dominant economic force in Latin America?

A) France
B) The United States
C) Britain
D) Germany

Question 29

Which of the following factors did NOT account for the economic stagnation in Latin America from 1820 to 1850?

A) The slow recovery of the mining sector after wars of independence
B) The lack of a transportation network and port facilities
C) The lack of capital for investment in industry
D) The absence of foreign markets for raw materials

Question 30

Peru?s primary export to Europe between 1850 and 1880 was guano or

A) bird droppings.
B) mercury.
C) woolen cloth.
D) turtle eggs.

Question 31

Many liberal politicians in Latin America adopted Auguste Comte?s philosophy of

A) utilitarianism.
B) existentialism.
C) positivism.
D) progressivism.

Question 32

Which of the following descriptions of the politicians who led liberal governments in post-1860 Latin America is NOT accurate?

A) They represented a new generation of politicians who had matured after independence
B) They favored expansion of the franchise to Indians and mestizos who represented the
?ancient? aspects of Latin American civilization
C) Their inspiration was England, France, and the United States
D) They were firm believers in progress, education, and free competition within a secular society

Question 33

Between 1832 and 1854, who dominated Mexican politics?

A) Father Miguel de Hidalgo
B) Benito Jua´rez
C) Antonio Lo´pez de Santa Anna
D) Bernardino Rivadavia

Question 34

Which of the following nations did NOT intervene militarily in Mexican politics between 1829 and 1865?

A) Spain
B) The United States
C) France
D) Britain

Question 35

?Manifest Destiny? referred to

A) the inevitability of a democratic republic in Mexico.
B) the economic dominance of Britain in Latin America.
C) the imposition of French government in Mexico during the reign of Napoleon III.
D) the belief that the United States was destined to rule the North American continent from coast to coast.

Question 36

The agreement following the Mexican American War in which Mexico ceded about one half of its territory to the United States was the Treaty of

A) San Antonio.
B) Atchison-Jua^´rez.
C) Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
D) the Rio Grande.

Question 37

The leader of the liberal rebellion in Mexico called La Reforma was

A) Benito Jua´rez.
B) Bernardino Rivadavia.
C) Simon Bol´ivar.
D) General Antonio Lo´pez de Santa Anna.

Question 38

Under Juan Manuel de Rosas, the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata

A) adopted the federalist program of a weak central government and local autonomy.
B) overthrew the dominance of Buenos Aires province.
C) undertook a program of education and economic training among the Indians.
D) introduced a democratic regime that recognized political diversity without violence.

Question 39

What was the new export crop in Brazil that made up over 40 percent of Brazil?s exports by 1840?

A) Tea
B) Sugar
C) Cotton
D) Coffee

Question 40

Following the 1830s, the literary and artistic style preferred in Latin America was

A) neo-classicism.
B) Romanticism.
C) existentialism.
D) Dadaism.

Question 41

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in post -independence Latin America is most accurate?

A) Following independence, women gained little ground and there was virtually no change in the attitudes toward women?s proper role in society.
B) Because of their participation in the independence movement, women were rewarded in post-revolutionary Latin America with voting rights and access to political office.
C) Because women in general failed to support the revolutionary movements, they were not included in the massive reforms that followed independence.
D) The status of women actually declined after independence, as they were cut off from areas such as public education that had been available to them in colonial Latin America.

Question 42

By 1888 the stigma of skin color and former slave status

A) was no longer a factor in Latin American social hierarchy.
B) was not a factor except in the former plantation colonies of the Caribbean.
C) was not a factor for Indians, but continued to plague descendants of African slaves.
D) continued to create barriers to social advancement throughout Latin America.

Question 43

Which of the following beliefs is NOT associated with the concept of ?modernization? or
?Westernization??

A) Development was a matter of increasing per capita production in any society.
B) The more industrialized and urbanized any society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned.
C) Change would take place through radical or revolutionary transitions rather than gradually.
D) As the process occurred, there would be a natural movement toward more democratic forms of government and popular participation.

Question 44

The ?dependency theory? of economic development is associated with what political group?

A) Liberals
B) Marxists
C) Conservatives
D) Monarchists

Question 45

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the economy of Latin America in the period from 1880 to 1920?

A) The collapse of worldwide demand for raw materials led to a stagnation and then a contraction of economies throughout Latin America.
B) Latin America experienced a spurt of economic growth fueled by the increasing demand for raw materials, foodstuffs, and tropical crops.
C) Although the demand in industrialized countries for raw materials fell off, the slump in exports was more than overcome by a dramatic surge in industrial production and export.
D) The period was marked by increasing government control of all facets of production and increasing tariffs placed on commercial exports.

Question 46

Following Jua´rez?s death in 1876, who succeeded as president and political leader of Mexico?

A) Antonio Lo´pez de Santa Anna
B) Porfirio Di´az
C) Bernardino Rivadavia
D) Maximilian von Hapsburg

Question 47

Which of the following statements concerning Argentina between 1880 and 1920 is most accurate?

A) The centralist government became increasingly repressive and actually reduced the number of eligible voters.
B) The immigration of European laborers led to an increasingly radical work force and the development of a Socialist Party by the 1890s.
C) Unlike other regions of Latin America, Argentina experienced an economic depression that led to rapid turnover within the government and political instability.
D) Rio de Janeiro held over two million inhabitants, or about a quarter of Argentina?s total population.

Question 48

The Spanish American War that broke out in 1898 centered on

A) Mexico.
B) Brazil.
C) Cuba.
D) Haiti.

Question 49

In 1902 which of the following United States possessions was granted independence?

A) Philippines
B) Puerto Rico
C) Hawaii
D) Cuba

Question 50

Which of the following statements concerning the Di´az government in Mexico is most accurate?

A) Under D´iaz, reforms were undertaken that finally began to resolve the inequity of land distribution in Mexico.
B) Labor unrest and political instability decreased significantly by the beginning of the 20th century.
C) D´iaz?s strongly centralized government actively discouraged foreign investment in Mexican mining and transportation.
D) Under the guise of modernization, the forms of liberal government were maintained but were subverted in order to keep Di´az in power.

Question 51

In terms of models of revolution available to Latin Americans in the early 19th century, which examples were considered acceptable, which unacceptable, and why?

Question 52

In what ways were the revolutionary movements in Mexico, northern South America, and southern South America similar?

Question 53

In what ways were the Latin American economies of the 19th century dependent on the industrialized nations of Europe and North America?

Question 54

What are the explanations offered for the relative ʺunderdevelopmentʺ of Latin America?
Which explanation seems to be the most sufficient explanation?

Question 55

Discuss the relationship of the United States with Latin America until 1910.