Deck 32: Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

Question 1

Of the following regions defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century?

A) Russia and Japan
B) The Ottoman Empire
C) The Carribbean
D) West Africa

Answer 1

Russia and Japan

Question 2

Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is NOT accurate?

A) Neither Russia nor Japan rivaled the industrial might of the West by 1900.
B) Both nations gained sufficient power to wield important political and military influence in the colonial scramble.
C) Russia and Japan did launch significant industrialization by 1914.
D) Both Russia and Japan achieved both economic autonomy and a share in the West?s core position.

Answer 2

Both Russia and Japan achieved both economic autonomy and a share in the West?s core position.

Question 3

Which of the following represents a significant difference between Russia and Japan?

A) Only Japan had a significant aristocracy prior to industrialization.
B) Only Russia participated in territorial expansion by 1914.
C) Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700.
D) Only Japan underwent significant political revolution prior to 1914.

Answer 3

Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700.

Question 4

Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914?

A) Both experienced significant political revolutions.
B) Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation: Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West.
C) Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure.
D) Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 5

Russia?s fear about Westernization in the first decades of the 19th century was rooted in

A) concern about British invasion.
B) the French Revolution.
C) dislike of Western dress.
D) worry over loss of Poland.

Question 6

What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815?

A) Britain, France, Spain
B) Spain, Russia, Poland
C) Russia, Prussia, Austria
D) Austria, Japan, Russia

Question 7

What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in 1825?

A) The Decembrist ring
B) The November rebellion
C) Pushkin?s revolt
D) Pugachev rebellion

Question 8

Which of the following partly accounts for Russia?s lack of significant revolution in 1830 and 1848?

A) Russia lacked a substantial history of autocracy
B) The absence of a coercive labor system in Russia left scant cause for rebellion
C) Political repression
D) Like England, Russia?s history of participatory government and its national parliament forestalled revolution

Question 9

Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate?

A) Russia?s loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion.
B) Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with their conservative tradition.
C) Western powers actively aided Russia?s pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire.
D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best describes the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century?

A) Russia had achieved economic autonomy in the 18th century, although most of eastern Europe remained largely agricultural.
B) The Russian economy was geographically oriented to the Ottoman Empire, a feature of the Mongol domination of Russia until the 15th century.
C) Russia?s economic dynamism and innovation rivaled the West.
D) In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other East European areas imported Western luxury goods for the great aristocrats to display as badges of respectability.

Question 11

What war in the mid-19th century demonstrated Russia?s widening gap with the West?

A) The Russo-Japanese War
B) Napoleon?s invasion of Russia
C) The Crimean War
D) The Sepoy rebellion

Question 12

What accounted for the West?s victory over Russia in the Crimean War?

A) The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply.
B) Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions.
C) The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring their numerical superiority to bear.
D) The Western nations won not because of superior tactics or inspired principles, but because of industrial advantages.

Question 13

What tsar began the process of reform in the 19th century?

A) Alexander I
B) Alexander II
C) Nicholas I
D) Peter the Great

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the reform of serfdom?

A) It was the purpose of the tsar to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended
B) The development of a vigorous and mobile labor force
C) A desire to meet Western humanitarian standards
D) Periodic peasant uprisings focused on lack of freedom, undue obligations, and lack of land

Question 15

In what year were Russian serfs emancipated?

A) 1831
B) 1854
C) 1861
D) 1868

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate?

A) The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy.
B) Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state.
C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments.
D) Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor.

Question 17

All of the following were reforms introduced in Russia in the 1860s and 1870s EXCEPT

A) the creation of the Duma, a national parliament.
B) the creation of local political councils, the zemstvoes.
C) the issuance of new law codes that cut back traditional punishments.
D) reorganization of the military.

Question 18

What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia?

A) The construction of factories
B) The development of the mining sector
C) The creation of an extensive system of railways
D) The end of the grain trade with the West

Question 19

The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic modernization was

A) Stolypin.
B) Count Sergei Witte.
C) Klemenz von Metternich.
D) Gregor Mendel.

Question 20

Which of the following statements concerning the capitalization of Russian industry is most accurate?

A) Capital for Russian investment was almost entirely derived from liquidation of agricultural estates in Russia.
B) By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists.
C) It was the contact with the Japanese that led to an influx of capital for Russian industrialization.
D) Russian industry was capitalized by a substantial middle class that had built up wealth in the grain trade with the West.

Question 21

By 1900, how successful was the Russian industrialization program?

A) Despite massive programs of forced labor and extensive government subsidies, the Russian program of industrialization failed.
B) Russian industrialization progressed slowly and by 1900 had reached tenth in the world in terms of steel production.
C) By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production.
D) Without access to plentiful raw materials, Russia was dependent on constant territorial acquisitions to fuel its lagging industrial program.

Question 22

Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization?

A) Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West
B) A large middle class
C) Rich natural resources
D) Small, but efficient, factories

Question 23

All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in Russia during the second half of the 19th century EXCEPT

A) the Orthodox church.
B) ethnic minorities.
C) peasants.
D) the intelligentsia.

Question 24

What was the general goal of the Russian intelligentsia?

A) Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture
B) Political freedom, retention of the social hierarchy, and increased Westernization
C) Restriction of civil liberties, honor and deference to the emperor, retention of Russian culture
D) Radical Westernization as part of a program of increased industrialization

Question 25

Russian radicals who sought the abolition of all formal government were called

A) Decembrists.
B) Latitudinarians.
C) abolitionists.
D) anarchists.

Question 26

What was the chief political method used by the anarchists to achieve reform?

A) Strikes
B) Terrorism
C) Political rallies
D) Voter registration

Question 27

Which of the following statements about Russian Marxism is most accurate?

A) Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class was rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups.
B) Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia.
C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase.
D) Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties.

Question 28

Lenin?s approach was adopted by the groups of Russian Marxists known as

A) Mensheviks.
B) anarchists.
C) Decembrists.
D) Bolsheviks.

Question 29

Which of the following did NOT contribute to working-class radicalism in late 19th-century Russia?

A) The absence of legal political outlets
B) Severe conditions of early industrialization
C) Rural unrest and adoption of peasant grievances
D) Absence of unions

Question 30

Failure in what war led to the Russian revolution of 1905?

A) Crimean
B) Sino-Japanese
C) Russo-Japanese
D) World War I

Question 31

What group did the imperial government appeal to in the reforms following the revolution of 1905?

A) Liberals
B) Workers organizations
C) Marxists
D) Anarchists

Question 32

What minister was responsible for enacting reforms for the peasantry following the revolution of 1905?

A) Count Witte
B) Grigori Rasputin
C) Alexi Romanov
D) Stolypin

Question 33

The Duma was

A) the confrontation between radial workers and the tsarist army in 1905.
B) a system of collective farms for peasants introduced after 1905.
C) a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution.
D) the imperial council that took over government after the abdication of the tsar in 1905.

Question 34

Peasants who responded to the reforms of 1905 by engaging in entrepreneurial activity including increasing production and buying up land were called

A) Duma.
B) kulaks.
C) anarchists.
D) Bakunin.

Question 35

Which of the following Russian developments was NOT adopted in other east European states?

A) National parliaments
B) Emancipation of serfs
C) Economic autonomy from the West
D) Monarchic forms of government

Question 36

Which of the following was NOT a 19th-century Russian novelist?

A) Turgenev
B) Pavlov
C) Tolstoy
D) Dostoevsky

Question 37

Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate?

A) The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people.
B) By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan.
C) Increasingly the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance.
D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai.

Question 38

Which of the following statements concerning Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life is most accurate?

A) Japanese literature reached its zenith during the last decades of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
B) Confucianism rapidly lost ground to Buddhism as the major religious and ethical basis for Japanese society.
C) Japan continued to be largely imitative of conservative Chinese intellectual currents rather than developing dynamic ethical and philosophical systems.
D) Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West.

Question 39

Which of the following groups in Tokugawa Japan advocated interest in Western scientific advance?

A) Dutch Studies group
B) National studies group
C) Confucian scholars
D) Buddhist scholars

Question 40

Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853?

A) Captain James Cook
B) Commodore Matthew Perry
C) Admiral Horatio Nelson
D) Captain William Farragut

Question 41

In what year was a new emperor, Mutsuhito but commonly called ?Meiji? or ?Enlightened One,? proclaimed, signaling the end of a major political crisis?

A) 1854
B) 1868
C) 1875
D) 1889

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and to establish industrialization in Asia?

A) Japan?s leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China.
B) Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China had never acknowledged.
C) Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition.
D) Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness.

Question 43

Which of the following statements concerning Japanese political reforms in the period of the Meiji state is NOT accurate?

A) Meiji leaders established a new conservative nobility, stocked with former nobles and Meiji leaders that operated a British-style House of Peers.
B) Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet.
C) The constitution issued in 1889 assured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet.
D) The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened to talent on the basis of civil service examinations.

Question 44

What was the primary difference between the reformed Japanese government and reformed Russian institutions by 1914?

A) Japan retained an emperor at the head of government.
B) Japan created a national parliament.
C) Japan?s government was elected by a broad majority of the population.
D) Japan?s government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure.

Question 45

One of the major similarities between Japanese and Russian industrialization was the fact that

A) both lacked natural resources.
B) scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction.
C) neither was able to complete construction of a railway system.
D) neither had any experience of cultural exchange with the West.

Question 46

Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890s were called

A) haiku.
B) terakoya.
C) zaibatsus.
D) khitan.

Question 47

Which of the following statements concerning Japanese industrialization prior to World War I is correct?

A) Japan?s workforce was among the highest paid in the world.
B) Abundant natural resources made Japan virtually self-sufficient as an industrialized nation.
C) By 1914, Japan had reached the level of industrialization found in the West.
D) Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports.

Question 48

Which of the following Western cultural characteristics was NOT adopted by large numbers of Japanese?

A) Hair styles
B) Standards of hygiene
C) Western calendar
D) Christianity

Question 49

Which of the following religions gained new adherents in industrialized Japan?

A) Shinto
B) Confucianism
C) Buddhism
D) Christianity

Question 50

Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan?

A) Disputes between generations over Westernization
B) The increasing freedom and political influence of women
C) Growth of nationalism
D) Growth of urban slums

Question 51

Compare and contrast Japanese and Russian society prior to industrialization.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the political reforms undertaken in Japan and Russia prior to and during industrialization.

Question 53

Compare and contrast industrialization in Japan and Russia.

Question 54

Why did revolution occur in Russia in consequence of industrialization, but not in Japan?

Question 55

Why did Japan rather than China assume leadership in Asia in the face of the challenge of the West?