Deck 34: The World Between Wars: Revolutions, Depressions and Authoritarian Response

Question 1

The mid-1920s in western Europe could best be described as a period of

A) war and destruction.
B) stability and optimism.
C) depression and unemployment.
D) internal political unanimity.

Answer 1

stability and optimism.

Question 2

When did the communist revolution in Russia take place?

A) 1917
B) 1918
C) 1919
D) 1920

Answer 2

1917

Question 3

The U.S. economy

A) was in severe depression throughout the 1920s.
B) suffered because corporations refused to innovate.
C) boomed throughout much of the 1920s.
D) boomed once Henry Ford introduced electricity

Answer 3

boomed throughout much of the 1920s.

Question 4

Which of the following statements concerning the economy of Europe during the ?Roaring
?20s? is NOT accurate?

A) The worst inflationary pressures were resolved, though at the cost of wiping out the value of savings for many propertied groups.
B) Industrial production boomed.
C) Mass consumption standards, based on ready availability of new products, rose.
D) The United States lagged behind the European nations in both industrial production and mass consumption.

Question 5

What country did Benito Mussolini rule?

A) Britain
B) the U.S.
C) Italy
D) Germany

Question 6

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the state of Mexican political organization after the revolution?

A) A multitude of political parties so confused the electoral scene that no meaningful political compromise could be achieved.
B) Mexico was immediately dominated by labor parties who originated in the northern parts of Mexico.
C) The revolutionary leadership institutionalized the regime by creating a one-party system under PRI.
D) Presidents ruled much as the caudillos before them without limitation of powers or term of office.

Question 7

Who were the ?Cristeros??

A) Marxist revolutionaries within the Mexican labor force
B) Radicals who sought to overthrow the influence of Catholicism in Mexico
C) Conservative peasants backed by the church who fought to stop the slide toward secularism
D) Members of the revolutionary elite who desired the establishment of a parliamentary democracy

Question 8

Which of the following was included in the policy of ?indigenism? that was incorporated into many of the post-revolutionary reforms in Mexico?

A) The removal of all evidence of Spanish heritage
B) The Mexican muralist movement featuring works of Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco
C) Active attempts to Europeanize Mexican culture
D) Intentional emulation of Soviet ?socialist realism?

Question 9

Which of the following reforms was NOT included in the revolutionary constitution of 1917 in Mexico?

A) State takeover of property belonging to the Catholic church
B) Limited foreign ownership of key resources
C) Land reform
D) Guaranteed rights for workers

Question 10

The communal holdings created as part of the program of land reform following the Mexican Revolution were called

A) playas.
B) tierra libertad.
C) las casas.
D) ejidos.

Question 11

In 1920 who was elected, bringing the Mexican Revolution to a close?

A) Emiliano Zapata
B) Victoriano Huerta
C) Alvaro Obregon
D) Francisco Madero

Question 12

What was the primary goal of Zapata?s forces within the Mexican Revolution?

A) The presidency for Zapata
B) Industrialization
C) Extension of the plantation economy in Oaxaca
D) Sweeping land reform

Question 13

Which of the following political and military leaders was NOT involved in the Mexican Revolution in 1910?

A) Juan Jose Arevalo
B) Francisco Madero
C) Emiliano Zapata
D) Pancho Villa

Question 14

What politician first challenged the Mexican government in 1910?

A) Francisco Madero
B) Augustin Iturbide
C) Benito Juarez
D) Porfirio Diaz

Question 15

The man who had been in charge of the Mexican government since 1876 at the time of the Mexican Revolution was

A) Francisco Madero.
B) Augustin Iturbide.
C) Benito Juarez.
D) Porfirio Diaz.

Question 16

The Mexican Revolution began in

A) 1901.
B) 1910.
C) 1914.
D) 1919.

Question 17

At the end of World War I, what nation emerged as the dominant foreign power in Latin America?

A) Britain
B) Germany
C) The United States
D) Spain

Question 18

Two events set in motion trends that would determine much of Latin America?s subsequent history: World War I and

A) World War II.
B) the Mexican Revolution.
C) the Pero´n era.
D) the communist revolution in Cuba.

Question 19

The last Manchu emperor abdicated in

A) 1912.
B) 1923.
C) 1939.
D) 1945.

Question 20

The best-positioned contenders for power in the aftermath of the abdication of the Qing were the

A) merchants and bankers of coastal cities.
B) warlords or military commanders.
C) university students.
D) secret societies.

Question 21

What foreign power played a major factor in Chinese domestic history from the mid-1890s to 1945?

A) The United States
B) Vietnam
C) Britain
D) Japan

Question 22

The leader of the Revolutionary Alliance, a loose coalition of anti-Qing political groups that spearheaded the 1911 revolt, was

A) Yuan Shikai.
B) Chiang Kai-shek.
C) Sun Yat-sen.
D) Mao Zedong.

Question 23

What happened to the parliamentary government established in China by the Revolutionary Alliance in 1912?

A) It was overthrown by a Communist insurrection.
B) Sun Yat-sen resigned the presidency in favor of the northern warlord, Yuan Shikai.
C) The parliamentary government under the presidency of Sun Yat-Sen effectively governed northern China from the capital at Beijing for 20 years.
D) The parliamentary government was overthrown by the Boxer rebellion.

Question 24

Japan gained influence in China by seizing the concessionary areas of what European power during World War I?

A) Britain
B) The United States
C) Russia
D) Germany

Question 25

The initial goal of the May Fourth movement was

A) Communist insurrection.
B) ridding China of all Western influences.
C) the creation of a liberal democracy along Western lines.
D) Chinese subjection to Japan.

Question 26

Most of the members of the early May Fourth movement were

A) warlords.
B) peasants.
C) Communists.
D) intellectuals and students.

Question 27

What made Chinese thinkers aware of a possible Marxist solution to China?s ills?

A) The Russian revolution of 1905
B) The Russian revolution of 1917
C) Frederick Engels?s visit to China in 1912
D) The Japanese example

Question 28

The man who headed the study circle at the University of Beijing and who first gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy was

A) Chiang Kai-shek.
B) Li Bo.
C) Li Dazhao.
D) Yuan Shikai.

Question 29

How did early Chinese Marxist philosophy differ from Lenin?s?

A) Chinese philosophers emphasized the role of the proletariat in the revolution.
B) Chinese thinkers stressed the gradualist approach to political change.
C) Sun Yat-sen taught that the revolution could only occur after the complete industrialization of China.
D) The study circle at the University of Beijing saw the peasants as the vanguard of revolution.

Question 30

Early Marxist philosophers in China characterized all of China?s society as

A) proletarian.
B) peasant.
C) bourgeois.
D) Westernized.

Question 31

Which of the following organizations and publications was NOT associated with the early Marxist movement in China?

A) New Youth
B) Socialist Youth Corps
C) Communist Youth Corps
D) Guomindang

Question 32

In 1919, Sun Yat-sen returned to China and attempted to unify the various political organizations struggling for political influence in China by reorganizing the revolutionary movement under what name?

A) The Socialist Youth Corps
B) The May Fourth movement
C) The Red Army
D) The Nationalist Party of China

Question 33

Which of the following groups was NOT allied with the Nationalist Party by 1924?

A) The United States
B) Urban businessmen and merchants of the southern coastal cities
C) The Communists
D) Local warlords and the criminal underworld

Question 34

Who helped find the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924?

A) the United States.
B) Britain.
C) Soviet Russia.
D) Japan.

Question 35

What was Chiang Kai-shek?s initial role within the Chinese Nationalist Party?

A) Delegate to the League of Nations
B) Representative at the Treaty of Versailles
C) Family head of the Green Gang
D) Head of the Whampoa Military Academy

Question 36

The Nationalist Party?s greatest failure was its inability to

A) create a military wing of the party.
B) deal with the social and economic crisis of the Chinese peasantry.
C) industrialize China.
D) rid itself of its ties to the Qing dynasty.

Question 37

What early Communist leader emphasized the role of the peasantry in revolutionary solutions to Chinese problems?

A) Sun Yat-sen
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Mao Zedong
D) Yuan Shikai

Question 38

Following Sun Yat-sen?s death in 1925, what group seized control of the Nationalist Party?

A) Urban businessmen and merchants of the southern Chinese coast
B) Communists
C) Warlords and military chiefs
D) Peasants

Question 39

Who emerged as the head of the Nationalist Party and de facto ruler of China by the late 1920s?

A) Sun Yat-sen
B) Mao Zedong
C) Chiang Kai-shek
D) Li Dizhao

Question 40

Open warfare began between the Communists and Nationalist Party following

A) the Communist assault on Beijing.
B) the intervention of Japan on the side of the Nationalists.
C) the announcement of Soviet Russian support for the Nationalist cause.
D) the Nationalist slaughter of their former allies in Shanghai.

Question 41

Which of the following groups did NOT initially support the Nationalists in their contest with the Communists for control of China?

A) Urban businessmen and merchants
B) Urban workers
C) Intellectuals and students
D) Rural landlords

Question 42

What impact did the Nationalist smashing of the workers? movement have on the development of the Communist Party in China?

A) It destroyed the early Communist movement, leaving only small cells of intellectuals and students.
B) The slaughter of the workers in Shanghai had little impact, because the great concentration of workers was in Beijing.
C) It propelled Mao to leadership.
D) It forced the Communists to become increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union.

Question 43

The Long March refers to

A) the humiliating exportation of Chinese prisoners to Japan.
B) the march of 90,000 communists from Hunan to Shaanxi province.
C) the Nationalist Party progression from minor movement to ascendancy in China.
D) Chiang Kai-shek?s assault on the communist stronghold in Beijing.

Question 44

The center of the Communist Party in China from 1934 to the mid -1940s was

A) Shaanxi province.
B) Hunan province.
C) Beijing.
D) Macao.

Question 45

What interrupted Chiang Kai-shek?s destruction of the Chinese Communist Party in the late 1930s?

A) Russian intervention
B) The death of Sun Yat-sen
C) Japanese invasion of the Chinese mainland
D) The intervention of the United States

Question 46

In what city did the Russian revolution of 1917 begin?

A) St. Petersburg
B) Moscow
C) Novgorod
D) Odessa

Question 47

The 1917 revolution saw cities run by councils of workers or

A) glasnost.
B) soviets.
C) commissars.
D) kulaks.

Question 48

In the eight months following the beginning of the Russian revolution in March 1917, what term could best be used to describe the revolutionary government?

A) Liberal
B) Anarchist
C) Communist
D) Conservative

Question 49

Who was the leader of the Russian government after the March Revolution?

A) Joseph Stalin
B) Bakunin
C) Alexander Kerensky
D) Nicholas Romanov

Question 50

What group succeeded the initial revolutionary government of Russia?

A) Bakunin?s anarchists
B) Kerensky?s liberals
C) Lenin?s Bolsheviks
D) Molotov?s Mensheviks

Question 51

What was Lenin?s solution to Russian participation in World War I?

A) He launched a massive offensive campaign that carried Russian forces deep within Germany.
B) He immediately demanded that his British and French allies send humanitarian, economic, and military aid to the eastern front.
C) He negotiated a peace treaty with the Germans and surrendered huge amounts of land on Russia?s western border.
D) He successfully achieved a significant role at the Versailles peace negotiations.

Question 52

Lenin?s power in 1917 was based on his control of the

A) Duma.
B) zemstvos.
C) tsar.
D) Council of People?s Commissars.

Question 53

Which of the following statements concerning the political situation in Russia after Lenin?s seizure of power is most accurate?

A) Lenin hoped to establish a majority party based almost entirely on the Russian peasantry.
B) The first parliamentary election following the revolution returned a majority for the Social Revolutionary Party, not Lenin?s Bolsheviks.
C) Lenin remained completely dedicated to the principles of parliamentary government, a position that garnered him the support of Russian liberals.
D) Lenin abandoned power in the face of a popular plebiscite for another form of government.

Question 54

What response did the Russian revolution provoke elsewhere in Europe?

A) Britain, France, the U.S., and Japan all invaded Russia.
B) Russia was immediately allied with Britain, France, and the U.S. against continued German aggression.
C) France supported the revolution; Britain and the U.S. remained neutral.
D) None

Question 55

The first head of the Red Army was

A) Lenin.
B) Bakunin.
C) Trotsky.
D) Molotov.

Question 56

Lenin?s first attempt at improving the Russian economy in 1921 was called the

A) First Five Year Plan.
B) New Economic Policy.
C) March on Hunger.
D) ACT.

Question 57

Which of the following statements concerning the Supreme Soviet is most accurate?

A) It was elected by a tiny minority of the Russian population
B) It featured so many political parties that it was virtually powerless
C) Competition in elections was normally prohibited, which meant that the Communist Party easily controlled the body
D) It almost never met

Question 58

How did Stalin?s view of communism differ from that of Lenin?

A) Lenin was only interested in the Russian revolution and did not visualize any further revolutionary process.
B) Lenin was more interested in including a broad swath of the Russian population in the Communist movement.
C) Stalin represented a strongly nationalist version of Communism and concentrated on
?socialism in one country.?
D) Stalin was not a member of the Communist Party.

Question 59

The international office established to encourage Communist parties in the West was called

A) Western International.
B) Comintern.
C) Leninista internationale.
D) Eurored.

Question 60

Discuss the transition in revolutionary Russia from liberalism to communism.

Question 61

What are the characteristics of 20th century revolutions?

Question 62

In what ways did Stalinism alter the original concepts of Soviet economy and government?