Deck 17: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy Through Infancy

Question 1

The organ through which oxygen, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged is the

A) fetus.
B) placenta.
C) trimester.
D) embryo.

Answer 1

placenta.

Question 2

When Nailah discovered that she was pregnant, she was distressed because she was already 30 pounds overweight. She is likely to have a baby who has

A) rickets in childhood, and osteomalacia in adulthood.
B) birth defects, and is overweight at birth and during adulthood.
C) rickets in childhood, osteoporosis in adulthood.
D) anemia and cleft palate.

Answer 2

birth defects, and is overweight at birth and during adulthood.

Question 3

Maternal blood vessels exchange nutrients and oxygen with the fetal vessels, and the fetal vessels deliver waste products for the maternal blood for

A) ingestion.
B) absorption.
C) excretion.
D) digestion.

Answer 3

excretion.

Question 4

The placenta is the site of common tissue between the mother and the embryo where nutrients, oxygen, and waste products are exchanged through the

A) umbilical cord.
B) amniotic sac.
C) maternal blood vessels.
D) fetal blood vessels.

Question 5

Babies who are born earlier than 37 weeks are likely to have

A) physical insults.
B) high birth weight, andto be obese.
C) brain hemorrhage, heart disorders, and gastrointestinal problems.
D) critical periods.

Question 6

Conception is easier for women at a __________weight.

A) abnormal
B) healthy
C) rate slightly above normal
D) subnormal

Question 7

Smokers, alcohol abusers, overweight and obesity men are more likely to have sperm which are

A) have normal function.
B) larger.
C) fewer in number.
D) larger with normal function.

Question 8

Pregnant women need to avoid

A) pork.
B) fish that are high in methylmercury.
C) chicken.
D) beef.

Question 9

Proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle __________pregnancy help prevent birth defects and may reduce future health risks in both mother and child.

A) of earlier
B) after
C) of later
D) before and during

Question 10

During pregnancy, the caffeine a mother consumes from coffee, soft drinks, and energy drinks is

A) passed on to her baby.
B) converted in the umbilical cord before it reaches the baby.
C) excreted before it reaches the baby.
D) excreted by the mother and cannot affect the baby.

Question 11

Marijuana, cocaine, and other illegal drugs can

A) cross the placenta so that it does not reach the baby.
B) be excreted by the mother before it reaches the baby.
C) cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus.
D) be excreted by the mother so it cannot affect the baby.

Question 12

Pregnant women who have preexisting medical conditions such as diabetes need to

A) take extra supplements for the preexisting conditions.
B) take prescribed nutritional supplements.
C) double their medication dosage.
D) consult a health care provider.

Question 13

Which of the following types of seafood need to be avoided by pregnant women?

A) canned light tuna, cod, haddock, catfish
B) mahi mahi, snapper
C) bluefish, carp, grouper, halibut
D) shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish

Question 14

Without consuming 400 micrograms of folic acid every day, pregnant women are likely to deliver babies who have

A) neural tube defects.
B) high birth weight.
C) diarrhea.
D) anemia.

Question 15

Which of the following teas should not be consumed by pregnant women?

A) peppermint tea
B) spearmint tea
C) chamomile tea
D) green tea

Question 16

Women who begin their pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain from __________pounds during pregnancy.

A) 15
B) 25- 35 pounds
C) 10
D) 20- 25

Question 17

Pregnant women should __________ raw or undercooked animal foods and unpasteurized milk.

A) avoid
B) eat moderate amounts of
C) thoroughly cook
D) boil

Question 18

Among pregnant women, birth defects can result from excessive intake of

A) preformed vitamin A.
B) vitamin B₂.
C) vitamin B₁.
D) vitamin C.

Question 19

A balanced diet supplies all nutrients for pregnant women except for

A) vitamin C.
B) carbohydrates.
C) iron.
D) fats.

Question 20

Which of the following should be consumed by pregnant women in moderation?

A) fruits and vegetables
B) fruits and cooked vegetables
C) caffeine and sugar substitutes
D) alcohol and sugar substitutes

Question 21

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss in pregnant women may result from

A) secondary cravings.
B) morning sickness.
C) cravings.
D) hyperemesis gravidarum.

Question 22

Suzy drinks five cups of coffee a day. How many cups should she have during her pregnancy?

A) 1 cup of coffee but she could have as many energy drinks as she likes
B) 3- 4 cups
C) 1- 2 cups
D) as many cups of coffee as she would like, as long as the coffee is drip brewed

Question 23

Pregnant women who conceive at a healthy weight should consume an additional __________ kilocalories daily during the second trimester.

A) 340
B) 43
C) 430
D) 34

Question 24

During the third trimester, a woman who began her pregnancy at a healthy weight needs an additional __________ kilocalories daily.

A) 45
B) 54
C) 540
D) 450

Question 25

During the third trimester, a woman who began her pregnancy at a healthy weight should continue gaining __________ per week.

A) one kilogram
B) 16 ounces
C) 2 pounds
D) 2.2 pounds

Question 26

During the third trimester of her pregnancy, Ana began to experience constipation. In which of the following options would she find relief?

A) drink water until her urine is clear, enriched flour baked goods
B) bran cereals, drink water until her urine is clear, a walking program
C) baked chips, chips made with fat substitutes
D) bran cereals with sugar substitutes, diet soda, a running program

Question 27

Mary has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes. She needs to be treated

A) by reading information from the American Diabetes Association.
B) only in the latest stages of the pregnancy.
C) with the right botanicals.
D) by a health care practitioner.

Question 28

Marcy has been diagnosed with pregnancy- induced hypertension. She needs to be treated

A) with the right botanicals.
B) by reading information from the American Heart Association.
C) only in the latest stages of the pregnancy.
D) by a health care practitioner.

Question 29

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children is a government funded program that provides food assistance for nutritionally at- risk mothers during pregnancy and for at- risk children through the first __________years of life.

A) 7
B) 5
C) 8
D) 6

Question 30

Young children can receive food benefits from the WIC program until they are __________years old.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 7

Question 31

Who among the following pregnant women is likely to have an infant who has a low- birthweight baby? Maria who is

A) 34 years old
B) 44 years old
C) 14 years old
D) 24 years old

Question 32

Babies who fall asleep with a bottle are at risk for developing

A) ear infections dental caries.
B) anemia and rickets.
C) rickets.
D) pica.

Question 33

Baby John was born at 5 pounds instead of 7 pounds. Which of the following items should be on the refrigerator door and consulted by Mom on a weekly basis?

A) pregnancy growth chart
B) his CDC growth chart
C) MyPlate guidelines
D) March of Dimes guidelines on a healthy pregnancy

Question 34

During the first year of life, infants need to be given foods depending on their

A) head circumference.
B) infant's developmental milestones (sits with support, grasps).
C) height.
D) preferences.

Question 35

In infants, hot dog rounds, salt, sugar, and butter should be

A) consumed with sugar substitutes.
B) avoided.
C) consumed with beverages.
D) consumed in moderation.

Question 36

Eggs, cow's milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish are common

A) allergies.
B) stimulants.
C) allergens.
D) diuretics.

Question 37

The timing of the types of foods which an infant receives should be determined by

A) recommendations from family members who have had children.
B) the mother's preferences.
C) developmental milestones.
D) the infant's preferences.

Question 38

Children

A) develop resistance to allergies at birth.
B) who are obese do not have allergies.
C) who are overweight do not have allergies.
D) may outgrow allergies.

Question 39

Nationally, the number of childhood food allergies is

A) decreasing.
B) plateauing among adults.
C) increasing.
D) constant.

Question 40

Most food allergies are caused by eggs, cow's milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, tree nuts, and

A) distilled water.
B) tap water.
C) seafood.
D) vegetables.

Question 41

Maternal and fetal blood supplies do not mix during a healthy pregnancy.

Question 42

Toxins and insufficient nutrient intake during critical periods may cause reversible damage to the embryo or fetus.

Question 43

Proper nutrition positively influences the metabolic programming during pregnancy and may help limit future chronic disease in the child and adult.

Question 44

Maternal obesity at the time of conception increases the risk for birth defects, increased birthweight, childhood overweight and obesity, and early mortality in adulthood.

Question 45

Metabolic programming is the same as fetal programming.

Question 46

Maternal nutrition, exposure to environmental toxins, drugs, stress during specific times of development can lead to functional tissue changes, and ultimately predispose an individual to disease later in life.

Question 47

Pregnant women need to avoid cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke, alcohol, illicit drugs, and botanicals.

Question 48

Most women of childbearing age do not consume adequate amounts of folic acid.

Question 49

Caffeine has been shown to be harmful to the fetus, and should be avoided by all pregnant women.

Question 50

Folic acid is an important nutrient for pregnant women, and if this nutrient is underconsumed, it can result in permanent side effects in the infant.

Question 51

Botanicals such as blue cohosh, juniper, pennyroyal, and goldenseal are safe roots, leaves, or other plant parts that are believed to have medicinal effects.

Question 52

Morning sickness and cravings are common during the third trimester.

Question 53

Hyperemesis gravidarum and pica can be treated with nutritional supplements to avoid harmful effects to the mother and the embryo/fetus.

Question 54

Sugar substitutes are safe to consume in moderation during pregnancy.

Question 55

Pica is the abnormal, compulsive intake of nonedible items such as laundry starch, burnt matches, cornstarch, clay, dirt, paint chips, or baking soda.

Question 56

Pregnant women with PKU should avoid using aspartame.

Question 57

Underweight and overweight women need to gain more than 25 pounds during the pregnancy.

Question 58

Pregnant women who experience morning sickness need to take nutritional supplements at night.

Question 59

Raw and undercooked plant products are more likely to carry pathogens and should be avoided during pregnancy.

Question 60

Pregnant women who conceive at a healthy weight should consume an additional 340 kilocalories daily during the third trimester.

Question 61

During the third trimester, a woman who began her pregnancy at a healthy weight needs an additional 450 kilocalories daily.

Question 62

It is not safe for pregnant women to exercise.

Question 63

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children is a government funded program that provides food assistance for nutritionally at- risk mothers during pregnancy and for at- risk children through the first 5 years of life.

Question 64

Women over age 35 may have a harder time conceiving, are at higher risk for hypertension and diabetes during pregnancy, and have higher rates of babies born with developmental disabilities.

Question 65

Women are advised to breastfeed exclusively for the first 3 months of their baby's life, and then breastfeed to supplement solid food for the remainder of the first year or longer.

Question 66

Nursing mothers should limit caffeine consumption and avoid illicit drugs, alcohol, smoking, and overly spicy foods.

Question 67

Women who breastfeed are less likely to have type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and postpartum depression and are more likely to return to their pre- pregnancy weight, compared to women who use infant formula.

Question 68

To produce adequate quantities of breast milk, mothers need to be adequately hydrated and to optimize nutrient intake.

Question 69

Allowing infants to fall asleep with baby bottles may lead to early childhood tooth decay and ear infections.

Question 70

Cow's milk should not be given before age 1, as it is too high in protein and some minerals and too low in fat.

Question 71

The earlier infants are exposed to allergens such as eggs, cow's milk, peanuts, the sooner they will develop resistance to them.

Question 72

The incidence of childhood allergies is lower today, compared to several decades ago.

Question 73

Food allergies are caused by carbohydrates called allergens, which are interpreted by the body as foreign and trigger an immune response that ranges in severity from uncomfortable to

Question 74

The best way to manage food allergies which are caused by eggs, cow's milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish is to expose the infant to them as early as possible.

Question 75

Food allergies yield mild and non- life threatening symptoms which can be treated by avoiding the offending food.

Question 76

Explain which foods are most likely to lead to allergy symptoms.

Question 77

How can allergy symptoms be treated?

Question 78

Describe the main difference between allergens and allergies.

Question 79

Name two nutrients that are typically underconsumed by women of child- bearing age and which need to be consumed as supplements during pregnancy.

Question 80

How can neural tube defects be prevented?