Deck 18: The Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The earliest known attempts to treat psychological disorders involved

A) trephining.
B) implosive therapy.
C) sorcery.
D) prefrontal lobotomies.
E) exorcism.

Answer 1

trephining.

Question 2

__________ was among the first persons to recognize that people accused of practicing witchcraft were probably suffering from psychological illness.

A) Dix
B) Pinel
C) Wier
D) Freud
E) Mesmer

Answer 2

Wier

Question 3

The procedure known as trephining involved

A) brain surgery to remove the pineal gland.
B) an early form of electroconvulsive shock.
C) forcing the patient to abstain from food and drink for long periods of time.
D) drilling a hole in the skull of a person to let out demonic spirits.
E) the drinking of foul-tasting concoctions.

Answer 3

drilling a hole in the skull of a person to let out demonic spirits.

Question 4

Psychologically ill persons who were confined to the earliest mental institutions were treated

A) with drugs and electroconvulsive shock.
B) inhumanely.
C) with extensive psychotherapy treatments.
D) with a combination of drugs and psychotherapy.
E) with an eclectic form of therapy.

Question 5

The physician whose dedication to humane treatment of the mentally ill brought about important changes in the way early mental institutions cared for their patients was

A) Freud.
B) DeGaulle.
C) LeBoef.
D) Pinel.
E) Rush.

Question 6

The American woman who championed reform in U.S. mental institutions was

A) Anthony.
B) Dix.
C) O'Keefe.
D) Curie.
E) Rush.

Question 7

The first "modern"treatment of psychological disorders involved manipulating iron rods and bottles of chemicals, and was devised by

A) Pinel.
B) Charcot.
C) Mesmer.
D) Breuer.
E) DeGaulle.

Question 8

The French neurologist, __________, tutored Freud on the uses of hypnosis to treat psychological illness.

A) Pinel
B) Charcot
C) Mesmer
D) Breuer
E) LeBoef

Question 9

The form of therapy that is used by most therapists is the __________ approach

A) humanistic
B) behavioural
C) cognitive-behavioural
D) psychodynamic
E) eclectic

Question 10

Dr. Zalik is a therapist whose specialty is treating people having anxiety disorders. However, he does not treat all of his clients with the same form of therapy. He uses different forms of therapy depending on the nature of the presenting problem. Dr. Zalik's approach to treatment is called the __________ approach.

A) shotgun
B) versatile
C) eclectic
D) Gestalt
E) multidisciplinary

Question 11

In __________ therapy the therapist uses any method he or she believes will work best for a client at a particular point in time.

A) client-centred
B) Gestalt
C) eclectic forms of
D) psychodynamic
E) cognitive-behavioural

Question 12

Therapy is intended for those people who

A) have severe psychological problems.
B) desire to improve the quality of their life.
C) have trouble relating to others.
D) have difficulty coping with everyday stressors.
E) all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an insight therapy?

A) client-centred therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) systematic desensitization
E) psychodynamic therapy

Question 14

The kind of therapy that is directed at providing people with insight into their unconscious motivations and desires is called

A) client-centred therapy.
B) Gestalt therapy.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) rational-emotive therapy.
E) cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 15

Rudy has been undergoing therapy for the past several months. During the therapy sessions, his therapist has asked him to "just sort of talk about anything that comes to mind."She has also asked him about his dreams. Most likely, Rudy's therapist is a __________ therapist.

A) psychoanalyst or psychodynamic
B) client-centred
C) rational-emotive
D) cognitive-behavioural
E) Gestalt

Question 16

The therapeutic procedure of encouraging people in therapy to speak freely without fear of being criticized by the therapist is called

A) reflection.
B) free association.
C) transference.
D) cognitive restructuring.
E) countertransference.

Question 17

Which of the following kinds of therapies uses dream interpretation as a therapeutic tool?

A) client-centred therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) psychoanalysis
E) cognitive-behavioural therapy

Question 18

Last night Connie dreamed that the hot water tank located in the attic burst and flooded the house. The bursting of the hot water heater and the flooding of the house constitute the __________ content of the dream.

A) symbolic
B) latent
C) submerged
D) manifest
E) transformational

Question 19

Last night Calvin dreamed that he was being attacked by a mugger. In the dream, Calvin attempted to defend himself with a pistol, but he could not pull the trigger. Calvin's therapist tells Calvin that his dream represents his fear of failure in pressure situations. The therapist's interpretation reveals the __________ content of the dream.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) transformational
D) logical
E) submerged

Question 20

During the course of psychoanalysis, the client will attempt to prevent further insight into his or her unconscious motivations and desires because such insight is psychologically distressing. Freud called this process

A) rationalization.
B) repression.
C) regression.
D) resistance.
E) transference.

Question 21

The tendency of clients in psychoanalysis to project their attitudes and emotions onto the therapist as a result of "reliving"some of their unpleasant childhood experiences is called

A) projection.
B) transference.
C) displacement.
D) sublimation.
E) countertransference.

Question 22

Ernst has spent some months working with his therapist but recently has begun to feel as if his therapist disapproves of him. It isn't until he raises this in the therapy session that it becomes clear that Ernst used to experience just the same kind of disapproval from his own father as a child. The therapist will realize that __________ is taking place.

A) projection.
B) transference.
C) association.
D) resistance.
E) countertransference.

Question 23

The tendency of the therapist in psychoanalysis to project attitudes and emotions onto the client while attempting to provide insight into the client's unconscious is called

A) counterprojection.
B) displacement.
C) countertransference.
D) countersublimation.
E) transference.

Question 24

Countertransference is to __________ as transference is to __________.

A) projection; sublimation
B) the therapist; the client
C) rationalization; projection
D) counterresistance; resistance
E) psychological health; psychological damage

Question 25

Freud believed that transference is beneficial to the therapeutic process because it

A) allows the therapist to become more objectively involved in the personal aspects of the client's life.
B) provides a medium through which the client relives important early experiences.
C) is cathartic.
D) elevates his client's mood.
E) allows the therapist to project back onto the client the latter's attitudes and emotions.

Question 26

Modern psychodynamic therapy

A) places more emphasis on social and interpersonal experiences and less emphasis on sexual experiences.
B) no longer focuses on helping the client achieve insight into his or her unconscious motivations and desires.
C) remains exclusively focused on events that took place in the client's childhood.
D) allows more time in order that the relationship with the therapist can be fully developed.
E) all of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is a form of modern psychodynamic therapy?

A) intermittent psychodynamic therapy
B) countertransference therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) client-centred therapy
E) reverse psychoanalysis.

Question 28

In __________ the focus is on finding ways that the client can achieve his or her true potential.

A) cognitive-behaviour therapy
B) psychodynamic therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) systematic desensitization
E) transpersonal therapy

Question 29

Therapy that helps the client close the gap between his or her real self and ideal self is called

A) Gestalt-therapy.
B) client-centred therapy.
C) rational-emotive therapy.
D) cognitive-behaviour therapy.
E) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 30

Rogers referred to the difference between the real and ideal perceptions of the self as

A) discrepancy.
B) actualization.
C) incongruence.
D) irrationality.
E) broken unity.

Question 31

Tara is working at night in order to finance her degree and she still manages to get straight As in her courses. However, in talking to her therapist Tara is always emphasizing the mistakes she makes and how she should manage her life better. She often says how stupid she is. Her humanistic therapist will recognize that Tara is showing

A) discrepancy.
B) actualization.
C) incongruence.
D) resistance.
E) self-actualization.

Question 32

Consider the brief transcript below, which was taken from a therapy session involving a 19-year-old college student suffering from anxiety. C: Sometimes I can't stand school. There's so much pressure and so many tests and papers; the work never seems to end. There's always another deadline to meet. It's really getting to me. T: Sounds to me like you're saying that you need a break, perhaps a long weekend at the beach? What therapeutic technique was the therapist using?

A) congruence
B) cognitive restructuring
C) systematic desensitization
D) reflection
E) unconditional positive regard

Question 33

Rogers's idea that therapy should be a haven from criticism and conditions of worth underscores his belief that __________ is one of the keys to building personal growth.

A) reflection
B) unconditional positive regard
C) permissiveness
D) transference
E) client-centredness

Question 34

One difference between client-centred therapy and Gestalt therapy is that in Gestalt therapy the

A) client's goal is to eliminate fear, anxiety, or depression.
B) focus is on events in the client's past.
C) emphasis is on planning for events that will happen in the future.
D) client is sometimes confronted by the therapist.
E) none of the above

Question 35

Gestalt therapy has in common with psychoanalysis its

A) emphasis on the present.
B) humanism.
C) focus on the unity of body and mind.
D) use of the empty chair technique.
E) use of dream analysis.

Question 36

Which therapy emphasizes the unity of body and mind?

A) Gestalt therapy
B) client-centred therapy
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) cognitive behavioural therapy
E) humanistic therapy

Question 37

The empty chair technique is a tool used in which kind of therapy?

A) Gestalt therapy
B) client-centred therapy
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) cognitive behavioural therapy
E) psychodynamic therapy

Question 38

Carina is young, affluent, intelligent, and suffering from mild depression. Lacey is older, less well off financially, less intelligent, and is suffering from a severe form of schizophrenia. Who is the better candidate for psychodynamic therapy?

A) Carina
B) Lacey
C) both
D) neither

Question 39

Which therapy is oriented toward applying principles of learning derived from laboratory research to helping people solve their problems through therapy?

A) psychodynamic therapy
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) cognitive-behaviour therapy
D) client-centred therapy
E) systematic desensitization therapy

Question 40

Which of the following therapists would argue that our fears and anxieties are learned through conditioning?

A) Ellis
B) Wolpe
C) Beck
D) Perls
E) Michenbaum

Question 41

The therapy process that involves teaching the client to relax in the face of progressively more anxiety-producing stimuli is called

A) aversion therapy.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) modeling.
D) rational-emotive therapy.
E) muscular relaxation therapy.

Question 42

The therapy procedure that begins with the client making a list of stimuli that are ranked in order of their ability to produce anxiety is called

A) rational-emotive therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) modeling.
D) systematic desensitization.
E) implosion therapy.

Question 43

Duke is petrified of snakes. To help him overcome his fear, his therapist is teaching Duke to relax in the face of increasingly more realistic encounters with a snake. First, Duke simply imagines the snake, then he imagines that a snake placed in a box is brought into the room, and so on, until he finally imagines himself holding the reptile. He implements the relaxation procedures his therapist has taught him each time he imagines a different "snake scenario."Duke's therapist is using the therapeutic technique called

A) rational-emotive therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) modeling.
D) systematic desensitization.
E) implosion therapy.

Question 44

Which of the following therapies would appear to take the opposite approach to systematic desensitization, at lease in terms of exposing a client to fear-producing stimuli?

A) in vivo exposure
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) aversion therapy
D) modeling
E) cognitive-behavioural therapy

Question 45

In the beginning stages of therapy, systematic desensitization __________ arousal whereas in vivo exposure therapy __________ arousal.

A) changes; does not change
B) decreases; increases
C) creates negative; creates positive
D) increases; decreases
E) leads to sympathetic nervous system; leads to parasympathetic nervous system

Question 46

When the client is confronted with the object of his or her fear in therapy this is called

A) rational-emotive therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) in vivo exposure.
D) systematic desensitization.
E) flooding.

Question 47

The form of therapy in which a person's fears are aroused intensely until they eventually subside through extinction is called

A) rational-emotive therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) in vivo exposure.
D) systematic desensitization.
E) modeling.

Question 48

The difference between in vivo exposure and imaginal exposure therapies is that during in vivo exposure the client

A) breaks down and retreats from the feared stimulus.
B) is exposed in reality to the feared stimulus.
C) is exposed in imagination only to the feared stimulus.
D) creates a hierarchy of anxiety-related events.
E) projects their fears onto the therapist.

Question 49

The therapy procedure that involves pairing noxious stimuli with cues that elicit undesirable behaviours is called

A) systematic desensitization.
B) in vivo exposure.
C) modeling.
D) aversion therapy.
E) rational-emotive therapy.

Question 50

In which therapy is an unpleasant UCS paired with a neutral stimulus that has previously elicited an undesired response?

A) in vivo exposure
B) token economies
C) systematic desensitization
D) aversion therapy
E) modeling

Question 51

Disulfiram is a drug that is sometimes used to treat alcoholism. When ingested, this drug will cause the person to become sick if he or she drinks an alcoholic beverage. This approach to treating alcoholism is an example of

A) in vivo exposure.
B) rational-emotive therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) aversion therapy.
E) modeling.

Question 52

Which of the following therapies is based on classical conditioning?

A) in vivo exposure
B) systematic desensitization
C) aversion therapy
D) imaginal exposure
E) all of the above

Question 53

The general term used to describe therapies based on operant conditioning is

A) operant therapy.
B) applied behaviour analysis.
C) behaviour analysis.
D) behaviour modification.
E) behaviour therapy.

Question 54

Any therapy that aims at changing behaviour by rearranging the environmental contingencies is generally referred to as

A) operant therapy.
B) classical conditioning therapy.
C) behaviour analysis.
D) behaviour modification.
E) behaviour therapy.

Question 55

A system in which clients can earn items (for behaving appropriately) that are later exchangeable for goods and services is called

A) a token economy.
B) behaviour modification.
C) a closed economy.
D) behavioural engineering.
E) applied behaviour analysis.

Question 56

In a token economy, what happens when reinforcement is no longer contingent on an individual's behaviour?

A) The behaviour generally increases.
B) The behaviour generally increases and then decreases.
C) The behaviour generally decreases.
D) The behaviour generally decreases and then increases.
E) The behaviour generally remains the same.

Question 57

Implementation of token economies in a mental institution be problematic because

A) they are extremely complicated.
B) staff persons may not understand how the system works or agree that it is a good system.
C) they may undermine intrinsic motivations of patients.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 58

The therapeutic procedure in which a client observes another person performing the appropriate behaviour is called

A) observational therapy.
B) modelling.
C) vicarious therapy.
D) imitation therapy.
E) mimicking therapy.

Question 59

Bandura's use of modelling to eliminate fear of snakes was successful for __________ percent of those people who participated.

A) 74
B) 83
C) 92
D) 96
E) 98

Question 60

A therapy that may eliminate phobias through vicarious extinction is

A) client-centred therapy.
B) assertiveness therapy.
C) interpersonal skills.
D) modelling.
E) systematic desensitization.

Question 61

A therapy procedure that is used in interpersonal situations in which the client is unable to function as effectively as he or she would like to function is called __________ therapy.

A) modelling
B) assertiveness
C) interpersonal skills
D) client-centred
E) social learning

Question 62

The very first step in assertiveness training is to

A) assess the client's global level of functioning.
B) teach the client basic interpersonal skills.
C) teach the client to be assertive.
D) identify the variables that are causing the client to feel distressed.
E) assess the level of the client's social skills.

Question 63

Assertiveness therapy is especially effective for people who

A) have difficulty standing up for themselves.
B) have difficulty getting their point across to other people.
C) feel frustrated because nobody pays attention to them.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 64

Suppose that Angela and Benito have decided to wean their two-year-old daughter, Maria. They plan to ignore all of her requests for her bottle. Maria has no intention of making it easy for them, though: she screams, yells, cries, and throws tantrums every time her parents deny her request for her bottle. The technical term for Maria's response to her parent's behaviour is

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) extinction burst.
C) conditioned behaviour.
D) resistance.
E) conditioned response.

Question 65

One disadvantage of using extinction as a means of behaviour change is that

A) it is ineffective compared to other behaviour change methods.
B) many states prohibit its use.
C) the therapist may not be able to control the sources of reinforcement operating in the client's life.
D) it can interfere with the therapist developing genuine insight into the client's striving for self-actualization.
E) none of the above

Question 66

The effective use of extinction is complicated by

A) extinction bursts.
B) difficulty in eliminating the reinforcer that is maintaining the client's maladaptive behaviour.
C) the fact that, in some cases, the client has direct control of the reinforcer maintaining his or her maladaptive behaviour.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 67

A therapeutic method in which a client imagines the aversive consequences of his or her maladaptive behaviour is called

A) aversion therapy.
B) punishment therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) covert sensitization.
E) imaginal exposure.

Question 68

Lynette is a cigarette smoker who desires to quit smoking. She has tried several times to quit on her own, but so far has failed. She decides to consult a therapist. Her therapist suggests that she imagine herself dying of lung cancer and the anguish her dying causes her loved ones. Lynette's therapist is using a method of therapy called

A) aversion therapy.
B) covert sensitization.
C) punishment therapy.
D) rational-emotive therapy.
E) imaginal exposure.

Question 69

The problems associated with maintaining behavioural change outside the therapeutic setting can be countered in part through

A) intermittent reinforcement.
B) teaching the client self-observation.
C) the involvement of family members in the process of behaviour therapy.
D) making the reinforcements outside the therapeutic setting less haphazard or inappropriate.
E) all of the above

Question 70

Therapists who argue that a change in behaviour is most effectively brought about by altering their clients' thoughts, beliefs, or perceptions are probably practicing

A) cognitive-behaviour therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) humanistic therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.
E) Gestalt therapy.

Question 71

The idea that negative thoughts lead to self-defeating behaviour and that replacing those kinds of thoughts with more constructive ones will lead to an improvement in the psychological health, is a tenet of __________.

A) systematic desensitization
B) cognitive-behaviour therapy
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) Gestalt therapy
E) humanistic therapy

Question 72

The cognitive-behaviour therapists' focus on the here and now is shared by

A) psychoanalysts.
B) group therapists.
C) Gestalt therapists.
D) behaviour therapists.
E) both Gestalt and behaviour therapists.

Question 73

Replacing negative thoughts and perceptions with positive ones is termed cognitive

A) reappraisal.
B) restructuring.
C) reevaluation.
D) restating.
E) redefining.

Question 74

The first form of cognitive restructuring, which is called __________, was developed by __________.

A) cognitive-behaviour therapy; Rogers
B) cognitive therapy for depression; Beck
C) rational-emotive therapy; Ellis
D) covert sensitization; Wolpe
E) client-centred therapy; Ellis

Question 75

__________ is based on the idea that psychological problems are caused by how people think about upsetting events more than by the upsetting situations themselves.

A) Beck's cognitive therapy for depression
B) Gestalt therapy
C) Client-centred therapy
D) Rational-emotive therapy
E) Humanistic therapy

Question 76

According to Ellis, __________ are at the root of psychological problems.

A) faulty cognitions
B) conditions of worth
C) maladaptive behaviours
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 77

Sal is seeing Dr. Russell Martin for her depression. Dr. Martin tries to convince Sal that her excessive demand for perfection is at the root of her depression. Dr. Martin focuses on getting Sal to think more positively about herself and showing her that she has the ability to control the events in her life. Dr. Martin is most likely using a form of

A) covert sensitization.
B) Gestalt therapy.
C) client-centred therapy.
D) rational-emotive therapy.
E) Beck's cognitive therapy for depression.

Question 78

Which of the following beliefs would Ellis likely label as being irrational?

A) There is one right way to do everything.
B) One's present actions are due mainly to events that he or she has experienced in the past.
C) People have no control over their past.
D) You should be liked by everyone.
E) all of the above

Question 79

Rational-emotive therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of

A) test anxiety.
B) depression.
C) schizophrenia.
D) severe anxiety.
E) somatization disorder.

Question 80

The therapy that your text concludes would be most beneficial to those who can enjoy and profit from intellectual teaching and argumentation is

A) Beck's cognitive therapy for depression.
B) Gestalt therapy.
C) client-centred therapy.
D) rational-emotive therapy.
E) psychoanalysis.