Deck 16: Lifestyle, Stress, and Health

Question 1

The adaptive changes that a culture makes to recurrent environmental pressures is called

A) biological evolution.
B) cultural evolution.
C) cultural change.
D) cultural adaptation.
E) cultural accommodation.

Answer 1

cultural evolution.

Question 2

The primary agent involved in shaping our life-styles has been

A) the environment.
B) our genes.
C) biological evolution.
D) cultural evolution.
E) our capacity for learning.

Answer 2

cultural evolution.

Question 3

Cultural evolution has been the primary agent involved in shaping our

A) life-styles.
B) personality.
C) capacity for learning.
D) genetic heritage.
E) environment.

Answer 3

life-styles.

Question 4

Cultural evolution is a result of our

A) intellect.
B) physical capacities.
C) genetic endowment.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 5

The aggregate behaviour of an individual or the way he or she lives his or her life is called

A) personality.
B) life-style.
C) psychological constitution.
D) psychological well-being.
E) behavioural constitution.

Question 6

As a result of cultural evolution, we

A) enjoy a much higher standard of living than our ancestors did.
B) have created dangerous chemical pollutants.
C) must choose between healthy and unhealthy life-style alternatives.
D) can choose from many different lifestyles.
E) all of the above

Question 7

Unhealthy life-styles

A) tend to diminish our well-being.
B) appear to work against the principle of natural selection.
C) are maintained by both biological and psychological factors.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 8

Most of the consequences of leading an unhealthy life-style

A) can be corrected through medicine.
B) would occur anyway due to aging.
C) generally do not appear until after people are beyond reproductive age.
D) have little effect on a person's quality of life.
E) none of the above

Question 9

In terms of how it affects the individual behaviours that constitute life-style, the law of effect tends to select behaviours that may

A) be related to physical health and psychological well-being.
B) be extremely damaging, but highly pleasurable in the short-run.
C) be reinforced in the short-run, but damaging in the long-run.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 10

Many unhealthy behaviours that may be a part of our life-styles are acquired and maintained because they

A) are not subject to the law of effect.
B) do not have immediately negative consequences.
C) are perceived as actually being healthy.
D) are part of our genetic endowments.
E) are not actually damaging in the long-run.

Question 11

Serum cholesterol

A) comes in three varieties: HDL, BDL, and LDL.
B) is a natural substance found in the bloodstream.
C) is supplied to the bloodstream by the digestion of foods high in saturated fats.
D) is associated with high levels of atherosclerotic plaques.
E) none of the above

Question 12

The presence of __________ is negatively related to __________.

A) LDL; CHD
B) serum cholesterol; breast cancer
C) HDL; obesity
D) HDL; CHD
E) LDL; breast cancer

Question 13

LDL cholesterol may be reduced by eating foods rich in

A) saturated fat.
B) sugar.
C) serum cholesterol.
D) fiber.
E) calcium.

Question 14

High LDL levels appear to

A) impair blood circulation.
B) decrease blood levels of atherosclerotic plaques.
C) enhance blood circulation.
D) enlarge the heart and major arteries.
E) increase oxygen flow in the blood.

Question 15

According to Cohen's research, nations that have the highest rates of death due to breast cancer have citizens who consume large amounts of

A) tobacco products.
B) alcohol.
C) foods high in fat.
D) foods high in sugar.
E) foods high in fiber.

Question 16

Which of the following countries has a relatively low rate of death due to breast cancer (and a correlated low intake of fat)?

A) United Kingdom
B) Japan
C) the United States
D) Denmark
E) Australia

Question 17

In countries in which food is scarce, starvation can be BEST staved off by consuming foods high in

A) fiber.
B) fat.
C) sugar.
D) minerals and vitamins.
E) calcium.

Question 18

Of the kinds of foods listed below, which should be consumed the most liberally?

A) seafood and poultry
B) milk and cheeses
C) whole grains
D) nuts and seeds
E) poultry and seeds

Question 19

An advantage of regular exercise is a reduced

A) risk of CHD.
B) vulnerability to the negative effects of stress.
C) accumulation of body fat.
D) level of negative emotions.
E) all of the above

Question 20

Regular exercise results in which of the following effects?

A) reduced blood pressure
B) decreased ratios of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol
C) increased lung capacity
D) increased positive emotions
E) all of the above

Question 21

Paffenbarger's research showed that on average, subjects who exercised __________ lived about __________ than subjects who exercised __________.

A) rigorously; 3 years longer; moderately
B) only slightly; 1 year longer; rigorously
C) moderately; 2 years longer; only slightly
D) moderately; 4 years longer; only slightly
E) rigorously; 1 year longer; only slightly

Question 22

Aerobic exercise has been found to

A) increase overall muscle mass.
B) reduce the heart's response to mental stress.
C) reduce susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.
D) reduced the risk of major depression and anxiety attacks.
E) all of the above

Question 23

Which of the following factors has been identified by psychologists as a possible cause of people beginning to smoke?

A) imitation
B) peer pressure
C) intergenerational transmission
D) having a friend who smokes
E) all of the above

Question 24

People who smoke cigarettes face increased risks of developing

A) bronchitis.
B) strokes.
C) emphysema.
D) lung cancer.
E) all of the above

Question 25

About __________ percent of adolescents who smoke regularly are likely to smoke as adults.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 60
D) 70
E) 80

Question 26

If the neurons of the CNS respond progressively less and less to the same dose of a drug, this is termed

A) tolerance.
B) physical dependence.
C) psychological dependence.
D) extinction.
E) negative reinforcement.

Question 27

In __________ the neurons of the CNS require the drug in order to function normally.

A) tolerance.
B) physical dependence.
C) psychological dependence.
D) extinction.
E) negative reinforcement.

Question 28

Cigarette smoking appears to be maintained, at least in part, by

A) positive reinforcement.
B) imitation.
C) both positive and negative reinforcement.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) all of the above

Question 29

Physiologically, the nicotine contained in cigarette smoke

A) increases heart rate and blood pressure.
B) increases body temperature.
C) causes the release of norepinephrine by the adrenal glands.
D) makes the heart muscles more sensitive to dopamine.
E) increases heart rate and decreases blood pressure.

Question 30

To say that a person is psychologically dependent on a drug means that

A) the drug is positively reinforcing.
B) the nervous system now requires the drug to function normally.
C) larger doses of the drug are now needed to produce the same nervous system effects that were produced earlier by smaller doses of the drug.
D) if use of the drug is discontinued, then withdrawal symptoms will develop.
E) all of the above occur.

Question 31

Over __________ percent of smokers have tried to quit smoking at least once.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 60
E) 75

Question 32

Cigarette smoking weakens the heart by

A) causing it to work harder with less oxygen than necessary, over a period of years.
B) clogging the arteries with tars.
C) forcing the heart to pump excessive amounts of blood over a period of years.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 33

People who switch from smoking high-nicotine cigarettes to smoking low-nicotine cigarettes

A) dramatically reduce their chances of suffering from cancer and other smoking-related easy illnesses.
B) actually smoke more cigarettes to compensate for the loss of nicotine.
C) report that they enjoy the psychological benefits of smoking more now than when they were smoking the high-nicotine cigarettes.
D) no longer enjoy smoking as much as they did before they switched.
E) show lowered levels of physical dependence on nicotine.

Question 34

The long-run success rate for conventional treatment programs to quit smoking is __________ percent, whereas recent treatments using the nicotine patch and Zyban have a __________ percent success rate.

A) 12; 20-30
B) 30; 40-50
C) 40; 10-15
D) 50; 20-30
E) 70; 35-45

Question 35

After five years without smoking a cigarette, the former smoker's risk of death due to lung cancer is reduced by nearly __________ percent.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 40
D) 50
E) 70

Question 36

If a cigarette smoker stops smoking for three days, what kind of positive physiological benefits will he or she experience?

A) Exercising becomes easier.
B) Lung efficiency increases.
C) Lung capacity increases.
D) Blood circulation improves.
E) Blood pressure decreases.

Question 37

Cigarette smoking prevention programs aimed at adolescents focus on the

A) factors that influence the maintenance of smoking.
B) negative physiological factors involved in smoking.
C) social factors that influence people to start smoking.
D) factors influential in determining how much people will smoke.
E) factors influencing psychological dependence on smoking.

Question 38

Peters exposed subjects to written and graphic pictorial warnings against cigarette smoking. Results showed that

A) only non-smoking subjects reacted with a negative emotional response.
B) smoking subjects reacted with a positive emotional response.
C) both smoking and non-smoking subjects reacted with a negative emotional response.
D) the attitude towards smokers became significantly more negative for non-smoking subjects only.
E) the attitude towards smokers and the emotional response was more positive for smoking subjects only.

Question 39

The results of the Waterloo smoking prevention project suggest that smoking prevention programs

A) are not very effective in the short-term.
B) are effective with older teenagers, but not younger teenagers.
C) are effective in the short-term but not in the long-term.
D) are most effective with young adults, ages 19-22.
E) are effective with younger teenagers, but not older teenagers.

Question 40

Jen took part in a smoking prevention project while in her early teens. The results of the Waterloo project would suggest that by the time she is in grade 12, Jen will be __________ compared to those not involved in the prevention project.

A) less likely to be smoking
B) equally likely to be smoking
C) more likely to be smoking
D) more healthy in terms of her lung capacity
E) more negative in her attitudes toward smoking

Question 41

Because of its effects on the brain and nervous system, ethanol, which is the active ingredient in all alcoholic beverages, would be considered a

A) stimulant.
B) psychedelic.
C) hallucinogenic.
D) depressant.
E) relaxant.

Question 42

When blood alcohol levels reach __________ percent, the __________ systems stop functioning.

A) 0.1; sensory and motor
B) 0.25; homeostatic and nervous
C) 0.3; endocrine and neurotransmitter
D) 0.5; respiratory and circulatory
E) 0.5; sensory and motor.

Question 43

Kendall has hay fever. Before she goes out on Friday night, she takes an antihistamine. She arrives at a party and begins to drink some wine. Soon, she may begin to feel especially __________ because of the joint effects of the antihistamines and alcohol.

A) anxious
B) drowsy
C) nauseous
D) euphoric
E) alert

Question 44

Liam is taking Percodan to help relieve the pain he is experiencing from the extraction of a wisdom tooth earlier in the day. The drug is effective in reducing the pain and Liam decides he will go out for the evening with a few friends. Liam has several beers. Unknowingly, Liam is running the risk of death due to

A) a heart attack.
B) failure of the circulatory system.
C) failure of the respiratory system.
D) massive internal bleeding.
E) a severe stroke.

Question 45

The success rate for many alcohol management programs runs between __________ and __________ percent.

A) 10; 20
B) 30; 50
C) 50; 60
D) 70; 80
E) 80; 90

Question 46

The rate of new cases of HIV infection in Canada that are the result of unprotected homosexual sex is __________ % and the rate for unprotected heterosexual sex is __________%.

A) 84; 12
B) 71; 23
C) 65; 28
D) 45; 37
E) 38; 55

Question 47

The percentage of new cases of HIV infection transmitted by heterosexual contact in Canada in 2007 was

A) 7.
B) 16.
C) 37.
D) 44.
E) 53.

Question 48

A symptom of genital herpes is the

A) discharge of pus.
B) appearance of small blisters around the point of sexual contact.
C) appearance of lesions or chancres around the area of sexual contact.
D) development of headaches, backaches, and abdominal pain.
E) pelvic inflammatory disease.

Question 49

One reason that people who engage in casual sex may not discuss their sexual histories with their sexual partner is that

A) they most likely use a condom.
B) doing so can be awkward and uncomfortable.
C) they are not usually intravenous drug users.
D) doing so is unimportant in terms of why they are attracted to each other.
E) none of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is a goal of STD prevention programs?

A) Familiarize people with safe sex practices.
B) Teach people the connection between their behaviour and getting an STD or AIDS.
C) Provide support and encouragement for safe sex practices.
D) Break down social and cultural barriers to safe sex practices.
E) all of the above

Question 51

Safe sex practices are NOT effective in reducing the risk of which of the following?

A) AIDS
B) gonorrhea
C) herpes
D) syphilis
E) None of the above; safe sex practices can reduce the chances of contracting any of these diseases.

Question 52

In a survey of college students, Brown and Vanable (2007) found that alcohol use was correlated with __________ sex with __________ partners.

A) unprotected; steady
B) unprotected; non-steady
C) protected; non-steady
D) unprotected; both steady and non-steady
E) protected; both steady and non-steady

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of the personal or cultural barriers to the use of safe sex practices?

A) the illusion of invulnerability
B) alcohol myopia
C) illusion of control
D) conflict with the male self-concept
E) none of the above; all are barriers to the use of safe sex practices

Question 54

Alcohol myopia can reduce the chances of condom use in a sexual encounter because the individual will

A) have an increased illusion of invulnerability.
B) focus on the short-term desires, rather than the long-term threats of HIV.
C) be more likely to have an illusion of control.
D) be more sensitive about condom use undermining his manhood.
E) not care if he or she lives or dies.

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of fear of contagion?

A) feeling uncomfortable sitting next to a person with AIDS
B) protesting against a child with AIDS attending school
C) ostracizing a person with AIDS
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a disease to which society reacts with fear of contagion?

A) The disease must be deadly.
B) The disease must appear suddenly and without apparent explanation.
C) People must believe that they are at risk for contracting the disease.
D) The disease must spread rapidly and rampantly through the society.
E) none of the above

Question 57

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) AIDS may be transmitted through casual contact.
B) AIDS appeared suddenly and without warning.
C) Many people see themselves as being at risk for contracting AIDS.
D) Researchers do not yet understand AIDS well enough to develop a cure for it.
E) none of the above

Question 58

Apparently, fear of contagion is

A) curable through extensive therapy and extensive educational programs.
B) more common among the elderly than among young adults.
C) of relatively recent origin, first appearing in 1981, with the outbreak of AIDS.
D) not a phenomenon that can be prevented by a medical understanding of the human body or advances in medical technology.
E) all of the above

Question 59

Behaviour that produces the larger, longer-term reward when a person is faced with the choice between it and the smaller, shorter-term reward is called

A) efficacious.
B) willpower.
C) impulse control.
D) self-control.
E) effective gratification.

Question 60

Candi is on a diet; she wants to lose five pounds. She is at a friend's house baking chocolate chip cookies. Before she went to her friend's house, she drank several glasses of water to make her feel full and avoid the temptation to eat cookies. In this example, the long-term reward is to

A) lose five pounds.
B) visit her friend.
C) help her friend bake some cookies.
D) help her friend lose some weight.
E) eat some cookies.

Question 61

Candi is on a diet; she wants to lose five pounds. She is at a friend's house baking chocolate chip cookies. Before she went to her friend's house, she drank several glasses of water to make her feel full and avoid the temptation to eat cookies. In this example, the short-term reward would be

A) losing five pounds.
B) visiting her friend.
C) helping her friend bake some cookies.
D) helping her friend lose some weight.
E) eating some cookies.

Question 62

Candi is on a diet; she wants to lose five pounds. She is at a friend's house baking chocolate chip cookies. Before she went to her friend's house, she drank several glasses of water to make her feel full and avoid the temptation to eat cookies. In this example, Candi appears to

A) show a lot of willpower.
B) have exerted self-control.
C) have given in to the temptation to eat some cookies.
D) have preferred short-term over long-term rewards.
E) none of the above

Question 63

Lyle wants to buy a new CD system. Every week he cashes his paycheck and deposits part of it into a coffee can at home. Sometimes, though, he is unable to put anything away for the CD system because he spends the money on movies, pizza, clothes, and other things that he likes but doesn't really need. In this example, the long-term reward is

A) his paycheck.
B) the money he spends on movies, pizza, and other things.
C) the purchase of the CD player.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 64

Lyle wants to buy a new CD system. Every week he cashes his paycheck and deposits part of it into a coffee can at home. Sometimes, though, he is unable to put anything away for the CD system because he spends the money on movies, pizza, clothes, and other things that he likes but doesn't really need. In this example, Lyle demonstrated commitment to the long-term goal by

A) cashing his paycheck.
B) spending his money on movies, pizza, and other things.
C) thinking about the kind of CD player he is going to buy with his savings.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 65

Lyle wants to buy a new CD system. Every week he cashes his paycheck and deposits part of it into a coffee can at home. Sometimes, though, he is unable to put anything away for the CD system because he spends the money on movies, pizza, clothes, and other things that he likes but doesn't really need. In this example, in the weeks that he spends money on things he likes but doesn't need, Lyle __________ self-control based on his __________.

A) exerts; commitment to his long-term goal
B) fails to exert; lack of commitment to save money for the CD player
C) fails to exert; spending of money on things that he likes, but doesn't need
D) exerts; ability to hold a job and earn money
E) exerts; commitment to his short-term goal

Question 66

In Rachlin and Ainslie's model of self-control, the point in time at which the value of the small, short-term reward exceeds that of the larger, long-term reward is called the moment of

A) truth.
B) greater value.
C) choice.
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 67

When faced with the immediate choice between the small, short-term reward and the larger, long-term reward, people are most likely to

A) exert self-control in most cases.
B) exert self-control in all cases.
C) be unable to exert self-control.
D) be unable to exert self-control in only a few cases.
E) none of the above

Question 68

According to the model of self-control described in the text, the best way to exert selfcontrol is to move the moment of decision to

A) a time before the value of the small, short-term reward exceeds the value of the larger, long-term reward.
B) a time after the value of the small, short-term reward exceeds the value of the larger, long-term reward.
C) a time after the value of the small, short-term reward is equal to the value of the larger, long-term reward.
D) a time before the value of the larger, long-term reward exceeds the value of the small, short-term reward.
E) none of the above

Question 69

Stress

A) is a response to a real or imagined stressor.
B) is a product of natural selection.
C) may occur in response to changes in the environment.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 70

Which of the following is a stressor?

A) a butterfly
B) running out of hot water in the middle of your shower
C) the sound of a dentist's drill
D) the sound of footsteps walking up the stairs
E) All of the above could be stressors if perceived as such.

Question 71

The physical "control centre"for stress is the

A) hypothalamus.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) thalamus.
E) thyroid.

Question 72

The main function of stress appears to be to

A) react to a stressor.
B) help prepare the organism to deal with the stressor.
C) produce feelings of anxiety and uncertainty when a person is in danger.
D) warn the organism of danger.
E) resist the stressor.

Question 73

The stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome in which the organism may experience shock is called the __________ stage.

A) alarm
B) adaptation
C) resistance
D) exhaustion
E) fight-or-flight

Question 74

The stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome in which the organism's body returns to normal levels of functioning is called the __________ stage.

A) alarm
B) adaptation
C) resistance
D) exhaustion
E) fight-or-flight

Question 75

Paulie's mother died a week ago and at first he was so dazed and distressed that he couldn't think. He has now recovered enough to organize the funeral, call up friends and family, and look into legal aspects of her death. Paulie is most probably in the __________ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.

A) alarm
B) adaptation
C) resistance
D) exhaustion
E) fight-or-flight

Question 76

The stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome in which the organism is most susceptible to illness is called the __________ stage.

A) alarm
B) adaptation
C) resistance
D) exhaustion
E) fight-or-flight

Question 77

Nancy has just learned, much to her surprise, that she has just been fired from her job. Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is she most likely to be experiencing?

A) alarm stage
B) adaptation stage
C) stage of resistance
D) stage of exhaustion
E) fight-or-flight stage

Question 78

Mike's wife was killed in a car accident about a month ago. Right now, though, he seems to be dealing very well with his situation. Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is he most likely to be experiencing?

A) alarm reaction
B) adaptation reaction
C) stage of resistance
D) stage of exhaustion
E) none of the above

Question 79

About two months ago, Ariel and Arlo's mobile home was destroyed by a fire. About a week ago, both of them started getting sick: they both have colds, feel run-down, and are complaining of stomach problems. Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome are they experiencing?

A) alarm reaction
B) adaptation reaction
C) stage of resistance
D) stage of exhaustion
E) fight-or-flight stage

Question 80

Adena is lost in the woods. She hears something rustling in the bushes; her heart begins to pound, her breathing gets heavier, and she begins to tremble. Walter Cannon would say that this reaction is an example of the __________ response.

A) fight or flight
B) stressor
C) will-to-live
D) homeostatic
E) alarm