Deck 15: People and Organizations

Question 1

Moreno contributed the idea of sociodrama to the formation of "role playing"
techniques and the analysis of interpersonal relations.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Lewin's ideas were contained in "field theory"
which held that group behavior was an intricate set of symbolic interactions and forces.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to Lewin, a group was always at a steady state of equilibrium.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Lewin felt that subordinate participation in decision making and the use of the group to achieve changes in behavior was a waste of time.

Question 5

"Field theory"
contended that group behavior was an intricate set of symbolic interactions and forces that not only affected group structure but also modified individual behavior.

Question 6

According to the text, Lewin's "laissez-faire leader"
was really the absence of leadership and not a major contribution to our understanding of leadership theory.

Question 7

Sociodrama focused on individual therapy, whereas psychodrama focused on the group as a method of analysis.

Question 8

Lewin pioneered in the idea of introducing change in organizations through "unfreezing", "moving", and "refreezing".

Question 9

Lewin provided a new analytical tool, sociometry.

Question 10

The essence of Maslow's contribution was in the evolutionary, dynamic qualities of the nature of human needs.

Question 11

The essence of Maslow's theory was that individual needs were static and unchanging.

Question 12

"Human need"
theory is one of our newest notions about motivation.

Question 13

The top rung of Maslow's hierarchy was esteem needs.

Question 14

The heart of the Scanlon plan was in a suggestion plan and production committees that sought methods and means to reduce labor costs.

Question 15

One unique aspect of the Scanlon plan was that workers would share in reduced costs, not increased profits.

Question 16

Likert's research (the Michigan studies) led to identification of an "employee orientation"
and a "production orientation"
in leadership.

Question 17

In 1944, IBM began to combine the jobs of two or more machine operators into one job thus beginning the interest in job enlargement.

Question 18

The McCormick Multiple Management Plan was an effort to extend management participation and took the form of a junior board of company officers.

Question 19

The Ohio State studies provided a three-dimensional view of leadership: initiating structure, consideration, and authority dimensions, which was very different from the University of Michigan theories of leadership.

Question 20

The "F scale"
was developed by Mary Follett to demonstrate the need for coordination.

Question 21

A key concept in the work of William Foote Whyte was that of status, or the relative prestige of a job in a person's eye or in the regard of others.

Question 22

George Homans described a total social system as having internal and external components, enabling the view of all organizations as socio-technical systems.

Question 23

According to Herbert Simon, limits that "bound the areas of rationality"
meant that decisions were rational as long as they were kept within the formal structure of an organization.

Question 24

The work of Moreno and Lewin (for examples) reflected the ideas of_______and led to further studies of social change, social control, collective behavior, and the effects of groups on individuals.

A) Freudian psychology
B) Hugo Münsterberg
C) Adlerian analysis
D) Gestalt psychology
E) none of the above

Question 25

A technique that can be used to broaden role flexibility and create an understanding of opposite or alien members of a group is called:

A) role reversal
B) optimology
C) sociometry
D) Likert's system 5
E) multiple management

Question 26

Psychodrama and sociodrama were contributions of:

A) J. L. Moreno
B) Kurt Lewin
C) William F. Whyte
D) Rensis Likert
E) none of the above

Question 27

The Scanlon plan worked because:

A) each individual was placed on a pay for performance plan
B) a joint committee was formed for discussing and pro-posing cost-saving techniques
C) of union-management profit sharing
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

The heart of the_______was in a suggestion plan and production committees that sought methods and means to reduce labor costs.

A) Maslow plan
B) Lewin plan
C) Scanlon plan
D) Lincoln plan
E) none of the above

Question 29

According to James Lincoln, people were not primarily motivated by money, nor by security, but by recognition for their_______ .

A) loyalty to the firm
B) skills
C) attendance
D) status
E) both C and D above

Question 30

A high paying individual incentive plan that provides rewards based on demonstrated skills has worked very well for the firm of:

A) Chester Barnard
B) Joseph Scanlon
C) William B. Given
D) James Lincoln
E) Charles McCormick

Question 31

Developed the motivation theory that involves a hierarchy of needs.

A) David McClelland
B) A. H. Maslow
C) Victor Vroom
D) Whiting Williams
E) F. W. Taylor

Question 32

Is a technique that lengthens the work cycle to make work more interesting.

A) ergonomics
B) job enlargement
C) job dynamics
D) job analysis
E) Scanlon's plan

Question 33

The idea of "junior boards" was started by:

A) Chester Barnard
B) Ralph C. Davis
C) William Given
D) Charles McCormick
E) Kurt Lewin

Question 34

The_______thesis emphasized playing down the importance of the organizational hierarchy and giving a greater voice to subordinates through participation.

A) power-equalization
B) power-centralization
C) power-decentralization
D) power-sharing
E) both b and d above

Question 35

Was viewed as democracy in action, opening communication channels, diffusing authority, and motivating people to give a greater commitment of themselves to an organization's goals.

A) executive centralization
B) participative management
C) authoritative management
D) canonical management

Question 36

The individual who advocated participative management from the "bottom up" was:

A) James Lincoln
B) William Given
C) Charles McCormick
D) T. W. Adorno
E) James Mooney

Question 37

_____________, used first at IBM, served to relieve monotony, to enhance skill levels, and to increase the workers' feeling of commitment to the total product.

A) team job design
B) job enhancement
C) job ennui
D) job enlargement

Question 38

William Foote Whyte's restaurant experiment revealed the importance of:

A) prejudice against women in the business world
B) job prestige and status in organizations
C) participation by labor in company decisions
D) the need for improved hygiene
E) none of the above

Question 39

"Satisficing" in decision making was the idea of:

A) Mary Follett
B) Herbert Simon
C) Kurt Lewin
D) Chester Barnard
E) Rensis Likert

Question 40

Homans divided a total social system into two groups: internal and external. Three dimensions of group behavior which interacted between each system included:

A) activities
B) interactions
C) sentiments
D) all of the above
E) only A and C above

Question 41

What is role-playing and how can it be used? Further, explain role reversal and its use. What possible behavioral changes might come because of role playing and role reversal?

Question 42

Job enlargement emerged as a way of designing jobs during this period. Explain this approach to work design. How would this technique fit into Maslow's theory of motivation?

Question 43

Why does your text suggest that laissez-faire is not a leadership style? Agree? Disagree? Explain.

Question 44

Herbert Simon observed that decision makers have limited ("bounded") rationality and that they satisfice. Take the role of Frederick W. Taylor and present how he would react to Simon's conclusions.