Deck 14: Love and Hate

Question 1

According to the ethological perspective, we are born with the ability to hate because

A) our ancestors were punished for hating.
B) we all have genetic defects.
C) aggression was selected for through evolution.
D) we are created in the image of the divine.

Answer 1

aggression was selected for through evolution.

Question 2

Mass murderers are usually

A) women in their 60s and older.
B) men in their 60s and older.
C) women of prime mating age.
D) men of prime mating age.

Answer 2

men of prime mating age.

Question 3

What do ethologists believe might cause a buildup of aggression and hatred in individuals?

A) The lenient atmosphere prevalent in America today
B) Having a large number of siblings
C) Lack of social contact
D) The restraints of society and overly strict parents
E) Emphasis on the need for artistic expression in academia

Answer 3

The restraints of society and overly strict parents

Question 4

The ethologist Konrad Lorenz suggests which of the following as a way for people to vent their aggression safely?

A) Spelling competitions
B) Playing sports
C) Nonviolent arguments
D) Counting to 10 and taking deep breaths
E) Talking to close friends

Question 5

You are at the grocery store, and suddenly, the person in line behind you goes into a fit of rage. He is yelling, turning red, and his eyes are bulging. His rage seems to be unprovoked. If you were told he suffers from a brain abnormality, the area of the brain most likely affected is

A) the brain stem.
B) the amygdala.
C) the corpus callosum.
D) the visual cortex.
E) the superior colliculus.

Question 6

In psychoanalytic theory, thanatos is a(n)

A) passive drive.
B) affiliative drive.
C) self-destructive drive.
D) generative drive.
E) parenting drive.

Question 7

As children, individuals who have antisocial personality disorder often

A) are cruel to their classmates.
B) torture animals.
C) destroy property.
D) violate rules.
E) do all of these.

Question 8

Freudian theory predicts that we might do which of the following with our death instinct?

A) Repress it
B) Displace it
C) Project it
D) All of these

Question 9

According to Jung, aggression rests in the archetype of the

A) animus.
B) shadow.
C) mother.
D) child-god.
E) anima.

Question 10

Which Jungian combination would be most likely to characterize an aggressive dictator?

A) Thinking-extroverted
B) Thinking-introverted
C) Intuiting-introverted
D) Feeling-introverted
E) Sensing-extroverted

Question 11

Which child would Adler predict is most likely to become a criminal in adulthood?

A) Brent was born to a single mother who didn't really want him or have time for him. He never even knew his father, and he grew up feeling rejected by his parents.
B) Joyce was often ill as a child, and she had to stay indoors a lot. Although her parents played with her and tried to make her life enjoyable, she didn't have very many friends her own age.
C) Aaron was adopted when he was only two weeks old and considers his adoptive family to be his "true" family. He grew up in a small community where everyone knew everyone else; he grew up feeling that his role in society was important.
D) Marie was born into a big family, but since she was the youngest and the only girl, her parents favored her. Her brothers sometimes picked on her, but she could always run to Mom for protection and comfort.
E) Shirley was an outgoing child who was always busy. She was an only child, and unplanned, since her parents had been told they could never have children. She was the "apple of her parents' eyes" and was quite spoiled throughout childhood.

Question 12

Erikson believed that the unsuccessful resolution of childhood conflicts could result in a hostile and hateful adult. Which of the following conflicts did he believe had to be successfully resolved to avoid developing hostility and hate?

A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Trust versus mistrust
C) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) The first three ego crises that occur during development
E) All eight ego crises

Question 13

Rogers believed that a lack of __________ was particularly harmful to children.

A) discipline
B) optimizing
C) unconditional positive regard
D) isolation
E) conditioning

Question 14

Maslow argued that for optimal development children must

A) feel safe.
B) feel loved.
C) have structure in their lives.
D) have adequate levels of regulation.
E) have all of these.

Question 15

Which of the following is most likely to be a "cardinal trait" of a serial killer?

A) Introversion
B) Optimism
C) Helplessness
D) Anxiety
E) Aggression

Question 16

Which of the following characteristics help to make up the trait "psychoticism" as described by Eysenck?

A) Tough-mindedness and impulsivity
B) Open-mindedness and optimism
C) Self-control and self-awareness
D) Anxiety and fearfulness
E) Withdrawn and submissive

Question 17

Lisa is an ill-behaved little girl. She pulls people's hair, shouts and stomps her feet, and refuses to share her toys. Skinner would argue that in order to understand her aggression, we must

A) look at her environment to see what elicits aggression and how it is rewarded.
B) examine her relationship to her parents and find out if she feels rejected by them.
C) do blood tests to see if she has some sort of chemical imbalance.
D) search for structural abnormalities in her brain.
E) determine whether her Electra complex has been resolved.

Question 18

Freud believed that love was closely linked to

A) friendship.
B) opportunity.
C) sex.
D) fear.

Question 19

Erikson posits that love becomes a most important issue during the stage of

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) trust versus mistrust.
E) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 20

Anxious-ambivalent lovers

A) are arrogant and overconfident.
B) do not want relationships, although it sometimes looks like they do.
C) have trouble determining whether they want heterosexual or homosexual partners.
D) say that they want relationships when, in reality, they do not.
E) want relationships but are extremely insecure and desperate.

Question 21

According to Maslow, which need must be met first?

A) Need for self-actualization
B) Need for safety
C) Physiological needs
D) Esteem needs
E) The need for social affiliation

Question 22

Maslow's __________ is the more healthy type.

A) A-love
B) B-love
C) C-love
D) D-love
E) E-love

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of love described by May?

A) Angry love
B) Lust
C) Procreative love
D) Devotion
E) Brotherly love

Question 24

According to May, the problem with love in the "hippie" culture was that

A) it lacked the element of sexuality.
B) it was negative.
C) it was freely given.
D) it lacked will.
E) it was disciplined.

Question 25

Lonely people tend to

A) feel uncomfortable in social interactions.
B) be less sociable.
C) have trouble trusting others.
D) be somewhat low on extroversion.
E) be all of these.

Question 26

Extroverted individuals tend to be __________ sexually than introverts.

A) less adventurous
B) more adventurous
C) more inhibited
D) more cautious
E) less happy

Question 27

Who would you predict to be most likely to engage in unsafe sexual practices?

A) Someone high on agreeableness
B) Someone high on conscientiousness
C) Someone high on impulsivity
D) Someone low on extroversion
E) Someone low on openness

Question 28

The Attraction to Sexual Aggression Scale is designed to identify

A) women who use their sexuality to control men.
B) men who are likely to engage in sexual violence toward women.
C) children who have been sexually abused.
D) women who are likely to become victims of rape.

Question 29

According to research looking at what characteristics males look for in a potential mate, and what characteristics females look for, the findings were that

A) both males and females emphasized physical attractiveness as the prime attribute.
B) females, but not males, emphasized physical attractiveness as the prime attribute.
C) males, but not females, emphasized earning ability as important in a mate.
D) females, but not males, emphasized earning ability as important in a mate.
E) none of these

Question 30

Research suggests that vengeful people

A) have more negative feelings.
B) are less satisfied with life.
C) are ruminators.
D) are less forgiving.
E) all of these.

Question 31

According to evolutionary psychologists, men are attracted to women who are

A) emotionally stable.
B) infertile.
C) older than they are.
D) younger than they are.
E) financially stable.

Question 32

Using archival data collected by Lewis Terman, researchers have found that teenagers who are more sexually active are

A) typically less fertile than their non-sexually active peers.
B) high in conscientiousness.
C) more likely to live a long life than their non-sexually active peers.
D) at risk for reduced longevity.
E) less likely to drink alcohol.

Question 33

According to Freud, we have a drive toward death called

A) thanatos.
B) ego.
C) eros.
D) id.
E) superego.

Question 34

According to Shaver, __________ easily form close relationships with others and let others become close to them.

A) ambivalent lovers
B) jovial lovers
C) permissive lovers
D) secure lovers
E) laissez-faire lovers

Question 35

Before satisfying one's need for love, Maslow believed you must first satisfy your __________ needs.

A) physiological
B) safety
C) esteem
D) physiological and safety
E) physiological and esteem

Question 36

According to __________, love is the positive result of individuals striving to join with others, trying to alleviate their loneliness.

A) Murray
B) Sullivan
C) Fromm
D) Freud
E) Jung

Question 37

Gina has been in a relationship with Todd for several years now. She behaves unselfishly toward him and is caring and responsive. According to Maslow, Gina is experiencing

A) A-love.
B) B-love.
C) C-love.
D) D-love.
E) R-love.

Question 38

Rollo May discussed all of the following types of love EXCEPT

A) philia.
B) agape.
C) eros.
D) authentic.
E) thanatos.

Question 39

Among research participants from different cultures, it has been found that

A) strong emphasis is placed on romance and "fairy tale" love.
B) individuals are less practical about love and marriage.
C) passionate love for the spouse is correlated with marital satisfaction.
D) people tend to have less happy marriages than in individualistic cultures.
E) marriage is not considered an important part of life.

Question 40

Men who are sexually aggressive toward women tend to be

A) tough.
B) impulsive.
C) cold.
D) cruel.
E) all of these.

Question 41

What is the psychoanalytic view of hate?

A) Hate is created by being unable to successfully deal with sexual feelings.
B) Hate is a social construct.
C) Hate comes from a projection of an unacceptable death impulse.
D) Hate comes from the initial negative feelings a child has for the parent of the opposite sex.
E) Hate does not exist, only feelings of love so intense that it creates negative feelings.

Question 42

According to Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, what is one explanation of where hate comes from?

A) The constraints that societies place on individuals
B) Not receiving unconditional positive regard from one's mother
C) Collectivism that goes against an individual's free will
D) Part biological part societal
E) An inability to become self-actualized

Question 43

How does the cognitive approach to personality explain hate?

A) As a function of the biological makeup of the brain
B) As vicariously learned behaviors
C) As a trait that all people have
D) As result of how we perceive the world around us
E) As a feeling that is not connected to cognition

Question 44

Which of the following describes a learning-theory view of hate?

A) Sally grew up in a warm loving home; she has intense feelings of hatred and violence toward everyone else in the world.
B) Sally grew up in a hostile unloving home; she has intense feelings of hatred and violence toward everyone else in the world.
C) Sally grew up in a hostile unloving home, but she does not have intense feelings of hatred and violence.
D) Sally was born with an intense level of hatred that, despite her parents' love, only worsened throughout her life.
E) Sally perceives the world around her as volatile; therefore, she reacts with feelings of hatred and violence.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true about cultures and hatred?

A) Cultures vary in the level of aggression that occurs.
B) All cultures have the same approach to aggression.
C) Cultures that are docile (nonaggressive) also score low on measures of love.
D) Cultures all view aggression as undesirable.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the evolutionary perspective on love?

A) Love is an illusion we create to explain sexual feelings.
B) Love is only the label we give to positive feelings.
C) Love is maladaptive to reproduction.
D) Love is adaptive for reproduction.
E) Love in adults is based on the mother-child love experienced in infancy.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true of Erikson's neo-analytic perspective on love?

A) Love is something that we can fully experience from the time we are born.
B) Love is something that is biologically instilled in all humans.
C) Humans are the only species to experience love.
D) Human love is only possible one a person has become self-actualized.
E) True love and intimacy can only be experienced by adults who have found their identity.

Question 48

Which of the following best applies to the romantic attachment style termed "secure lovers"?

A) People who feel uncomfortable being close to others and others being close to them
B) People who want to get close, but are so desperate they scare other people away
C) People who feel comfortable in relationships and let others become close to them
D) People who feel secure in all relationships, even the bad ones
E) People who only feel secure in relationships in which another person is always in control

Question 49

Which of the following statements best applies to the "anxious-ambivalent" romantic attachment style?

A) People who feel uncomfortable being close to others and others being close to them
B) People who want to get close, but are so insecure and desperate that they scare other people away
C) People who feel comfortable in relationships and let others become close to them
D) People who feel secure in all relationships, even the bad ones
E) People who only feel secure in relationships in which another person is always in control

Question 50

Which of the following statements best applies to D-love, as described by Maslow?

A) Loving and caring
B) Unselfish and giving
C) Selfish and needy
D) Hateful and violent
E) Intense and overwhelming

Question 51

Which of the following types of love was NOT included by Fromm?

A) Motherly love
B) Brotherly love
C) Erotic love
D) Infatuated love
E) Mature love

Question 52

Which of the following types of love was NOT included by Rollo May?

A) Eros
B) Intimacy
C) Agape
D) Authentic love
E) Sex

Question 53

__________ explanations of human behavior are derived from studying animal behavior in natural environments and drawing inferences about the function of the behavior for survival.

Question 54

According to Freud, the drive toward death and self-destructive behavior is called __________.

Question 55

A personality disorder in which the individual is excessively impulsive, violates the rule of society, and lacks anxiety or guilt for his or her behavior is called __________ personality disorder.

Question 56

A(n) __________ type is a type of person who proceeds for his or her own gain without consideration of others.

Question 57

According to Karen Horney, a self-protective measure to achieve power and superiority over others, which counteracts the feeling that one is impotent or being mistreated is called a __________.

Question 58

People with a(n) __________ personality type often have a cruel penchant for exerting power over others, abusing them, and taking their possessions.

Question 59

The tendency for some people to fail to make distinctions among other people and to perceive other people as similar to one another is called cognitive __________.

Question 60

According to __________ theory, the optimal mate has different characteristics for males than for females: males prefer females who appear young and fertile, whereas females prefer males who appear able to provide resources for her offspring.

Question 61

Secure lovers, avoidant lovers, and anxious-ambivalent lovers are three __________ styles discussed by Shaver.

Question 62

__________ is love that is unselfish and cares for the needs of the others, whereas __________ is selfish and needy.

Question 63

According to __________, there are four types of love: motherly love, brotherly love, erotic love, and mature love.

Question 64

The types of love described by theorist __________ included eros, philia, agape, and authentic love.

Question 65

The __________ scale is somewhat capable of identifying men who are apt to engage in sexual violence toward women.

Question 66

A(n) __________ approach to understanding hate suggests that aggression was adaptive in the evolution of our species.

Question 67

In the __________ view, aggression results from thwarting of the natural tendencies toward positive growth and fulfillment.

Question 68

According to __________, what we do for love is really a fulfillment of the sexual drives of the id.

Question 69

Name and briefly describe two of the many possible explanations for people's aggression and hatred. Which explanation makes the most sense to you? Why? What are the weaknesses of this approach?

Question 70

Describe Kelly's concept of "cognitive simplicity." How might this characteristic impact one's ability to hate?

Question 71

What are the three romantic attachment styles described by Shaver and colleagues? Briefly describe each. How are these similar to early attachment styles described by researchers such as Bowlby and Ainsworth?

Question 72

How did Fromm's description of "love" differ from that of Freud? What would Fromm describe as immature love? Mature love?

Question 73

How do Fromm's ideas of immature versus mature love map onto Maslow's conceptions of B-love and D-love?

Question 74

People who are androgynous (who are high on both masculinity and femininity) have been found to be least lonely. How might you explain this finding?

Question 75

List and describe at least three of Rollo May's types of love. How did May think that modern society (e.g., technology) was changing loving relationships?

Question 76

Discuss some of the findings concerning personality and sexual behavior. Who is most likely to be most sexually promiscuous? What traits describe men who are sexually aggressive and/or abusive?

Question 77

According to evolutionary psychologists, men and women look for different things in a partner. Describe the qualities women look for in men. Describe the qualities men look for in women. How do these qualities help to promote survival?