Deck 2: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

The term postsynaptic refers to…

A) events that occur in the axon.
B) events that occur in the dendrite.
C) synapses that are located outside of the CNS.
D) synaptic death.

Answer 1

events that occur in the dendrite.

Question 2

What is the main function of myelin?

A) To connect the end of an axon to the terminal buttons.
B) Myelin consists of a bilayer of continuous sheets of phospholipids that separate two fluid environments.
C) To pass information from the axon across the synapse in the form of a neurochemical message.
D) Myelin speeds the rate of information transfer in neurons and ensures that the message gets to the end of the axon.
E) None of the above is a function of myelin.

Answer 2

Myelin speeds the rate of information transfer in neurons and ensures that the message gets to the end of the axon.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an organelle contained in the cell body?

A) nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) unipolar plasma
D) ribosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 3

unipolar plasma

Question 4

Differentiating neurons according to structure depends on…

A) how many processes are emanating from the cell body.
B) how many mitochondria are present in the nucleus of the cell.
C) the cells size in nanometers.
D) whether the neuron is afferent or efferent.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about astrocytes?

A) they are the largest type of glia.
B) they perform nutritive and metabolic functions for neurons.
C) they regulate the chemical content of extracellular space.
D) they tend to be star-shaped.
E) they remove debris from the nervous system.

Question 6

When a neuron is at rest, what is its electrical charge?

A) -80 millivolts
B) +70 millivolts
C) -70 millivolts
D) +50 millivolts
E) -60 millivolts

Question 7

The sodium-potassium pump…

A) exchanges three Na+ ions inside the cell for two K+ ions that are outside the cell.
B) exchanges three K+ ions inside the cell for two Na+ ions that are outside the cell.
C) exchanges two Na+ ions inside the cell for three K+ ions that are outside the cell.
D) exchanges two K+ ions inside the cell for every three Na+ ions that are outside the cell.
E) exchanges two K+ ions inside the cell for every two Na+ ions that are outside the cell.

Question 8

Regarding an action potential, which of the following is false?

A) When an action potential occurs, neurotransmitters are released from the terminal buttons.
B) An action potential results in communication between neurons
C) For an action potential to occur, there has to a rapid inflow of Na+ into the neuron and a rapid outflow of K+ from the neuron.
D) Only a and b are true.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 9

The inability to open sodium channels results in a period of during which an action potential cannot be triggered. What is the term for this?

A) saltatory refractory period
B) hyperpolarization
C) absolute refractory period
D) absolute retracting conduction

Question 10

Which of the following statements is correct, regarding the difference between action potentials and postsynaptic potentials?

A) Unlike action potentials, postsynaptic potentials are actively propagated and they cannot differ in the in the degree in which they depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron.
B) Action potentials can be excitatory or inhibitory, but postsynaptic potentials cannot
C) Unlike action potentials, postsynaptic potentials are not actively propagated and they can differ in the degree to which they depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 11

Which group of neurotransmitters are associated with slower and longer- lasting responses (i.e. genetic alterations within the neuron)?

A) acetycholine
B) neuropeptides
C) monoamines
D) soluble gasses
E) amino acids

Question 12

Which of the following is false of the monoamine class of neurotransmitters?

A) There are two subgroups of monoamines.
B) The monoamine class of neurotransmitters are derived from a single amino acid.
C) Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters in the subgroup catecholaminergic of the monoamine class.
D) The monoamine class is derived from trytophan and tyrosine, which is available in meat and dairy products.

Question 13

What is the neural classification of sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves?

A) efferent nerves
B) nerves of the autonomic nervous system
C) afferent nerves
D) a and b
E) a and c
F) All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is not an anterior segment of the spinal cord?

A) sacral segments
B) coccygeal segments
C) cervical segments
D) lumbar segments
E) thoramnic segments

Question 15

Which of the following statements is false?

A) The hindbrain is divided into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
B) The myelencephalon contains the pons and the cerebellum structures.
C) The midbrain is subdivided into the tectum and tegmentum.
D) The diencephalons contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
E) The midbrain is subdivided into the tectum and thalamus

Question 16

The frontal lobe of the brain is bordered by which fissures?

A) the central fissure and lateral fissure
B) the central fissure and longitudinal fissure
C) the lateral fissure and longitudinal fissure
D) the lateral fissure and inferior frontal fissure

Question 17

Which system in the brain contains a variety of structures that have roles in the functioning of emotion, sexual behaviour, response selection and memory?

A) the cingulate cortex
B) the cranial system
C) the basal ganglia
D) the limbic system

Question 18

What is the circle of Willis?

A) A vascular circle consisting of two communicating arteries.
B) The circular pattern that the fissures make in the cortex.
C) It is the name of the path by which cranial nerves send messages to the brain.
D) The pattern of blood flow through the brain.
E) A rock band from the 1980s.

Question 19

Which is the correct order of the meninges (from skull to brain)?

A) arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, dura mater
B) meanix, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid mater
C) arachnoid mater, subarachnoid mater, cerebral spinal fluid
D) dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid mater
E) dura mater, subarachnoid mater, cerebral spinal fluid

Question 20

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the blood brain barrier?

A) The blood brain barrier is composed of two layers of cells that limit the flow of substances between the blood and neural tissue.
B) The blood brain barrier is not equally effective everywhere in the brain.
C) Many drugs that can be administered orally or intravenously do not cross the blood brain barrier.
D) As a general rule, if a substance is not soluble in fat, it will cross the blood brain barrier.

Question 21

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that is used by all motor neurons?

A) nitric oxide
B) aminobutyric acid
C) acetycholine
D) dopamine
E) glutamate

Question 22

Which of the following is true of the pulvinar nucleus?

A) It is part of the thalamus.
B) It is involved in relaying somatosensory information.
C) It is a motor nucleus.
D) a and b
E) b and c
F) All of the above.

Question 23

Which of the following is a collective term for the caudate nucleus and the putamen?

A) foramen
B) striatum
C) thoracic
D) caudal putamen
E) stiatic center

Question 24

After eating an entire pizza and three chocolate bars, it is likely you will experience the feeling of __________.

A) satiety
B) fullness
C) overindulgence
D) sensory overload

Question 25

What is the term indicating the direction towards the nose?

A) superior
B) ventral
C) dorsal
D) sacral
E) rostral

Question 26

Which of the following is false regarding the tegmentum?

A) It is a structure that is part of the midbrain.
B) It contains the red nucleus.
C) It contains the substantia nigra.
D) It contains the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Question 27

The part of the hindbrain that is involved in vegetative functions such as breathing is known as the__________.

A) pons
B) medulla oblongata
C) cerebellum
D) thalamus
E) tectum

Question 28

Which of the following does not relay somatosensory information?

A) medial geniculate nucleus
B) ventral posterior nucleus
C) pulvinar nucleus
D) lateral posterior nucleus

Question 29

If the lateral nuclei of the__________are damaged, an animal will eat much more than it normally would.

A) basal ganglia
B) limbic system
C) pituitary gland
D) hippocampus
E) hypothalamus

Question 30

What is the name of the major fissure contained in the occipital lobe?

A) calcarine fissure
B) lateral fissure
C) central fissure
D) longitudinal fissure
E) orbital fissure

Question 31

Which of the following structures connects the hippocampus with mamillary bodies?

A) putamen
B) globus pallidus
C) fornix
D) cingulate cortex
E) anterior ventricle

Question 32

Which of the following correctly lists the three structures that connect cortical areas between the two hemispheres?

A) inferior commissure, posterior commissure and the corpus callosum
B) inferior commissure, anterior commissure and the superior commisure.
C) posterior commissure, superior commissure and the corpus callosum
D) anterior commissure, posterior commissure and the corpus callosum
E) anterior commissure, posterior commissure and superior commissure

Question 33

What is the term for the star-shaped glia that form the blood brain barrier and have nutritive, metabolic and storage functions?

A) basilary
B) satellite cells
C) astrocytes
D) schwann cells
E) red glia

Question 34

Which of the following describes an interneuron?

A) A neuron that tends to integrate information within a structure.
B) A neuron with only one process emanating from the cell body.
C) A neuron that is connected in between two other neurons.
D) A neuron with no organelles within the cell body.
E) A neuron that is embedded in within glia.

Question 35

Which of the following makes myelin?

A) phagocytes
B) satellite cells
C) astrocytes
D) microglia
E) oligodendrocytes

Question 36

Which of the following removes debris from the nervous system?

A) interneurons
B) oligodendrocytes
C) satellite cells
D) microglia
E) astrocytes

Question 37

Ions cross the membrane through proteins embedded in the membrane which are known as__________.

A) ion proteins
B) ion channels
C) ion transmitters
D) ion-protein pump
E) plasma membrane

Question 38

The most common metabotropic receptor subtype is .

A) dopaminic
B) indolaminic
C) monaminic
D) muscarinic
E) nicotinic

Question 39

What is the name of the part of the diencephalon that is primarily responsible for relaying sensory information between the cortex and the sensory organs?

A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) cerebral cortex
E) limbic system

Question 40

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the regulation of mood, sleep and appetite?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetycholine
D) norepinephrine
E) epinephrine

Question 41

The organelle that is responsible for making, modifying and sending proteins for packaging is the__________.

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) mitochondria
C) ribosomes
D) soma
E) axon

Question 42

The lowest segment of the spinal chord is known as__________.

A) sacral segments
B) thoracic segment
C) lumbar segment
D) cervical segment
E) coccygeal segment

Question 43

What is gray matter?

A) The description of the parts of the cortex that are made of axoaxonic neurons.
B) The description of parts of the cortex that are made of cell bodies.
C) The description of the parts of the cortex that are made of dead cell bodies.
D) The description of the parts of the cortex that are made of myelinated axons.
E) The description of the parts of the cortex that are made of glia.